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upon, or on any road Post Date: Sun, 3 Aug 2008 16:16:37 +0000 Therefore to tax separately and indiscriminately "produce, seeds and grain," the income of land which has already paid in the name of real estate taxes its fair income tax, is really a kind of double taxation and should be omitted entirely, or very much restricted. How unscientific the general property tax can become is well illustrated in clause numbered thirteen of the dic- tionary, defining as property "for the purposes of taxation," "all mains, pipes, conduits or subways laid in any road, street or al- ley ; all tracks, roads and bridges of every street railway company, together with all its poles erected and wires laid or suspended in, upon or over the same ; all poles and wires laid or suspended in. upon, or on any road, street or alley by any other company or person. Autor of the post: Undefined As concisely put, this rule Post Date: Sun, 3 Aug 2008 16:03:57 +0000 " These things taken by themselves and valued as "prop- erty" are nothing but "scrap," either worthless or having a "true cash value" equal to a very small fraction of their first cost ; or, not taken by themselves and valued as "property," but valued in relation to their actual commercial uses, they have a value little differing from that of "scrap" in the case of a still going but very unprofitable company, a moderately increased value over "scrap" in the case of a struggling but doubtlul company, and finally a value much above their original cost if owned by a going and profitable concern which would lose immensely by even a temporary deprivation of their use, and which may have installed them at a time when labor and material were much cheaper than on some given assessment day. In law the expression of a number of things, mentioning each by its name, is often held to mean that the law purposely excludes from its operation those things which it fails to name, notwith- standing its use of general language which might have been broad enough to cover everything, if it had called nothing by its particular name. As concisely put, this rule is that "The ex- pression of one thing is the exclusion of any other [unnamed] thing. Autor of the post: Undefined " The quoted definition of "money" Post Date: Sun, 3 Aug 2008 15:53:54 +0000 " The commission, like others before them, bore this rule in mind and fenced against it in the I4th and final clause of their dictionary of personal property, by bringing under the tax- yoke "all personal property not herein enumerated and not ex- pressly exempt by law." The commission, recognizing the supreme importance of mon- ey, devoted to its definition the whole of section 5 of their pro- posed code: "The term 'money,' or 'moneys,' whenever used in this act, shall be held to mean gold and silver coin, treasury notes, bank notes, and every deposit which any person owning the same or holding in trust, and residing in this state, is entitled to withdraw in money on demand." The quoted definition of "money" includes under the name of "deposit" a very important class of what are in fact "credits ;" hence in defining the latter, to which it devotes the whole of sec- tion 6, the commission was careful to attempt to exclude bank deposits, though, as a matter of fact and of practice, "time cer- tificates of deposit" have that doubtful cast which makes it un- certain whether under the commission's definition such certificates are "moneys" or "credits. Autor of the post: Undefined , the same meaning "wherever used Post Date: Sun, 3 Aug 2008 15:37:08 +0000 " Section 6, defining the latter, is as follows : "The term 'credits,' whenever used in this act, shall be held to mean and include every claim and demand for monev or other valuable thing, and every annuity or sum of money receiv- able at stated periods due or to become due, and all claims and demands secured by deed, contract, or mortgage due, or to be- come due." In section n the commission gives to the terms "value," "cash value," "valuation," "true and full value," etc., the same meaning "wherever used in this act," and defines that meaning to be "the usual selling price at the place where the property to which the term is applied shall be at the time of assessment, being the price which could be obtained therefor at private sale, and not at forced or auction sale. Autor of the post: Undefined " The commission followed the usual Post Date: Sun, 3 Aug 2008 15:23:52 +0000 " And in section 17, the commission gives its construction of the mandate in Sec 3 of Art. of the Consti- tution, "Laws shall be passed taxing all real and per- sonal property, according to its true value in money," by the per- emptory prescription, "All property shall be assessed at its true and full value in money." The commission followed the usual, and indeed, if the taxation of personal property is to continue, the necessary course, in pro- viding (Sec 29) for the annual listing and assessing of the same. Autor of the post: Undefined " The reader must be cautioned Post Date: Sun, 3 Aug 2008 15:06:05 +0000 As is well known, the laws of the states vary considerably as to the frequency of assessing real estate a two-year interval be- tween real-estate assessments being the shortest. In the Foreign-held Bond case, just cited, the federal supreme court holds broadly that, "unless restrained by provisions of the federal Constitution, the power of the state as to the mode, form, and extent of taxation is unlimited, w~here the subjects [meaning the property] to which it applies are within her jurisdiction." The reader must be cautioned that "the power of the state" in the pas- sage just quoted means in practical effect "the power of the state legislature," except in so far as limited by the state constitution. Autor of the post: Undefined The North Dakota court, further Post Date: Sun, 3 Aug 2008 14:53:02 +0000 The state, having full power to amend and alter her own" con- stitution, is not in fact limited thereby in the technical sense of the word, though her legislature may be, and usually is, very much limited in the exercise of power by such constitution. Hence, in the large sense of the word, power applied to the organic capacity of the state, the federal courts are quite right in not mentioning state constitutions as limiting the power of their respective states. The North Dakota court, further considering said elevator case, held said act of 1899 not to be in violation of section 176 of the state constitution, which runs there as it does in Ohio and Minnesota, "laws shall be passed taxing by uniform rule all property according to its true value in money," etc. Autor of the post: Undefined " Hence, strictly speaking, it Post Date: Sun, 3 Aug 2008 14:33:17 +0000 The elevator man thought it was not a "uniform rule" which imposed on him the burden of paying another's tax, even though the law tried to give him a way to get such tax back again. The court answered by saving, "The only assessment of this grain is that made to plaintiff, and the only tax imposed is that which plaintiff is re- quired to pay." Hence, strictly speaking, it is not another's tax. Autor of the post: Undefined That this one is not Post Date: Sun, 3 Aug 2008 14:16:05 +0000 And the court, so concluding, was consistent in further holding it to be immaterial whether the lien provided was an adequate in- demnity or not : "Having reached the conclusion that it is within the taxing power of the state to assess and tax grain to a party in possession, the question as to whether a sufficient or any provis- ion has been made to indemnifv the tax-payer against possible loss does not affect the validity of the assessment or tax." It is one thing to find out that a particular tax-law is consti- tutional ; it is a very different thing to find the same law a reve- nue-producer. That this one is not, North Dakota officials can now testify. Autor of the post: Undefined We may also be- sure Post Date: Sun, 3 Aug 2008 14:05:20 +0000 To chase grain in elevators with a tax is almost as elusive and delusive as to chase money for the like purpose. We may be sure that among- the several American states, all competing with each other for the advantages of commerce and internal improve- ment, some will not be blind to the easy chances afforded by the blunders of neighboring- states, and will even connive at violation or unauthorized suspension of their own laws to build up com- merce and internal improvements. We may also be- sure that a law driving- prain out of elevators at a fixed and arbitrary time or times will diminish to some extent the normal profit in oper- ating- the same, and that such diminished profit will tend to disap- pear in lower prices to the farmer for his grain. 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