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We may cheerfully go half-way Post Date: Thu, 7 Aug 2008 22:44:18 +0000 dictum, "Whatever happens necessarily happens," but cannot suffer him to knock out firm modern "voluntary" with loose modern in- stance. I see no use for the word voluntary either in common speech or philosophical disquisition except to describe an act in the doing of which there is conscious choice in relation to proximate object of choice, and, sometimes, in relation also to more remotely expected results of choice. We may cheerfully go half-way, sometimes the whole way, to meet a fee and pay it; special assessments are apt to steal on us like a marauder with a club. Autor of the post: Undefined Indeed, Seligman's argument, strictly taken Post Date: Thu, 7 Aug 2008 22:34:03 +0000 Fees are often clearly circumscribed and visible in our field of choice; special assessments are often neither forseen nor foreseeable. It is merely wrenching "voluntary" out of its or- dinary and practical meaning to deny it in all cases to the act of paying fees. Indeed, Seligman's argument, strictly taken, and allowing to "voluntary" a wrenched but not quite dislocated meaning, goes to proving that the payment both of fees and of special assessments is rather voluntary than compulsory. Autor of the post: Undefined Who chooses the office chooses Post Date: Thu, 7 Aug 2008 22:14:17 +0000 It may be a hard choice between toothache and the extraction of the tooth; but when there is no other alternative, and the patient is not under compelling guardianship, the act of choosing is his, and is surely voluntary. Birth is not a voluntary act on the part of the born; but it may be a bright and shining mark in the field of choice of the parents who pay the birth fees. Who chooses the office chooses also its burdens; and in this sense, whoever owns a piece of land, may be held to have assumed voluntarily its taxes and special assessments to be thereafter levied, in so far as he pays them at all. Autor of the post: Undefined 29th, 1810, may escape Post Date: Thu, 7 Aug 2008 22:01:29 +0000 Because of its imposing returns, the ease with which it lends itself to concise statement, and of its standing apart in public finance, I cannot forbear to mention the tobacco monopoly in France. Established by Napoleon's decree of Dec. 29th, 1810, may escape the tobacco tax; but it is equally true that if a man chooses to go without certain kinds of property or income, he may escape to that extent the property tax or the income tax. Autor of the post: Undefined It is true that we Post Date: Thu, 7 Aug 2008 21:47:46 +0000 Indirect as well as direct taxes are compulsory, not voluntary, contributions. In the same way, there is no truth in the statement that a fee is voluntary and a special assessment compulsory. It is true that we do not need to pay a pedler's license fee if we do not care to peddle ; but, on the other hand, we do not need to pay a special assessment if we do not care to own the land. Autor of the post: Undefined yet a registration fee for Post Date: Thu, 7 Aug 2008 21:36:45 +0000 Further, when the payment of a fee is connected with neces- sary, every-day transactions, as are mortgage registration fees or mar- riage fees, there can be no question of the compulsory nature of the transaction. Birth and death cannot well be termed voluntary actions ; .yet a registration fee for a birth or death certificate does not differ in character from any other fee. Autor of the post: Undefined *Re-established rather Post Date: Thu, 7 Aug 2008 21:17:56 +0000 Fees and special assessments, indirect and direct taxes, are all compulsory contributions. Essays in Taxation 290-91. *Re-established rather. Autor of the post: Undefined The act establishing it, like Post Date: Thu, 7 Aug 2008 20:58:55 +0000 There was a monopoly of tobacco sales under the Old Regime, dating from 1674, and lasting with an interruption of it has lasted through all the vicissitudes of French government, surviving the first empire, the returned Bourbons, the Orleans regime, Louis Napoleon's so-called republic, his empire and the commune. The present republic approves and contin- ues it. The act establishing it, like any other long in force act, lias undergone revisions and amendments, but these have all left its ground features the same. Autor of the post: Undefined It is a state conducted Post Date: Thu, 7 Aug 2008 20:39:36 +0000 It survived even a government promise to abolish it: by the law of 1852, the tobacco monopoly was to expire the first of January, 1863. LA ROUSSK, Grand Dic- tionnaire Unhcrscl. It is a state conducted, state-regulated indus- try. Autor of the post: Undefined These permits to sell Post Date: Thu, 7 Aug 2008 20:21:57 +0000 There are no private manufacturers of tobacco in France, and every retail dealer is virtually an officer of the state. "The retail dealers are named by the prefect of the commune where the sales amount to ten thousand francs or less, and by the min- ister of finance if the proceeds exceed ten thousand francs. These permits to sell are accorded by preference to persons to whom the state is in some way indebted, as wounded soldiers or the widows and daughters of soldiers. 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| 2442 | 2443 | 2444 | 2445 | 2446 | 2447 | 2448 | 2449 | 2450 | 2451 | 2452 | 2453 | 2454 | 2455 | 2456 | 2457 | 2458 | 2459 | 2460 | 2461 | 2462 | 2463 | 2464 | 2465 | 2466 | 2467 | 2468 | 2469 | 2470 | 2471 | 2472 | 2473 | 2474 | 2475 | 2476 | 2477 | 2478 | 2479 | 2480 | 2481 | 2482 | 2483 | 2484 | 2485 | 2486 | 2487 | 2488 | 2489 | 2490 | 2491 | 2492 | 2493 | 2494 | 2495 | 2496 | 2497 | 2498 | 2499 | 2500 | 2501 | 2502 | 2503 | 2504 | 2505 | 2506 | 2507 | 2508 | 2509 | 2510 | 2511 | 2512 | 2513 | 2514 | 2515 | 2516 | 2517 | 2518 | 2519 | 2520 | 2521 | 2522 | 2523 | 2524 | 2525 | 2526 | 2527 | 2528 | 2529 | 2530 | 2531 | 2532 | 2533 | 2534 | 2535 | 2536 | 2537 | 2538 | 2539 | 2540 | 2541 | 2542 | 2543 | 2544 | 2545 | 2546 | 2547 | 2548 | 2549 | 2550 | 2551 | 2552 | 2553 | 2554 | 2555 | 2556 | 2557 | 2558 | 2559 | 2560 | 2561 | 2562 | 2563 | 2564 | 2565 | 2566 | 2567 | 2568 | 2569 | 2570 | 2571 | 2572 | 2573 | 2574 | 2575 | 2576 | 2577 | 2578 | 2579 | 2580 | 2581 | 2582 | 2583 | 2584 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| 2728 | 2729 | 2730 | 2731 | 2732 | 2733 | 2734 | 2735 | 2736 | 2737 | 2738 | 2739 | 2740 | 2741 | 2742 | 2743 | 2744 | 2745 | 2746 | 2747 | 2748 | 2749 | 2750 | 2751 | 2752 | 2753 | 2754 | 2755 | 2756 | 2757 | 2758 | 2759 | 2760 | 2761 | 2762 | 2763 | 2764 | 2765 | 2766 | 2767 | 2768 | 2769 | 2770 | 2771 | 2772 | 2773 | 2774 | 2775 | 2776 | 2777 | 2778 | 2779 | 2780 | 2781 | 2782 | 2783 | 2784 | 2785 | 2786 | 2787 | 2788 | 2789 | 2790 | 2791 | 2792 | 2793 | 2794 | 2795 | 2796 | 2797 | 2798 | 2799 | 2800 | 2801 | 2802 | 2803 | 2804 | 2805 | 2806 | 2807 | 2808 | 2809 | 2810 | 2811 | 2812 | 2813 | 2814 | 2815 | 2816 | 2817 | 2818 | 2819 | 2820 | 2821 | 2822 | 2823 | 2824 | 2825 | 2826 | 2827 | 2828 | 2829 | 2830 | 2831 | 2832 | 2833 | 2834 | 2835 | 2836 | 2837 | 2838 | 2839 | 2840 | 2841 | 2842 | 2843 | 2844 | 2845 | 2846 | 2847 | 2848 | 2849 | 2850 | 2851 | 2852 | 2853 | 2854 | 2855 | 2856 | 2857 | 2858 | 2859 | 2860 | 2861 | 2862 | 2863 | 2864 | 2865 | 2866 | 2867 | 2868 | 2869 | 2870 | 2871 | 2872 | 2873 | 2874 | 2875 | 2876 | 2877 | 2878 | 2879 | 2880 | 2881 | 2882 | 2883 | 2884 | 2885 | 2886 | 2887 | 2888 | 2889 | 2890 | 2891 | 2892 | 2893 | 2894 | 2895 | 2896 | 2897 | 2898 | 2899 | 2900 | 2901 | 2902 | 2903 | 2904 | 2905 | 2906 | 2907 | 2908 | 2909 | 2910 | 2911 | 2912 | 2913 | 2914 | 2915 | 2916 | 2917 | 2918 | 2919 | 2920 | 2921 | 2922 | 2923 | 2924 | 2925 | 2926 | 2927 | 2928 | 2929 | 2930 | 2931 | 2932 | 2933 | 2934 | 2935 | 2936 | 2937 | 2938 | 2939 | 2940 | 2941 | 2942 | 2943 | 2944 | 2945 | 2946 | 2947 | 2948 | 2949 | 2950 | 2951 | 2952 | 2953 | 2954 | 2955 | 2956 | 2957 | 2958 | 2959 | 2960 | 2961 | 2962 | 2963 | 2964 | 2965 | 2966 | 2967 | 2968 | 2969 | 2970 | 2971 | 2972 | 2973 | 2974 | 2975 | 2976 | 2977 | 2978 | 2979 | 2980 | 2981 | 2982 | 2983 | 2984 | 2985 | 2986 | 2987 | 2988 | 2989 | 2990 | 2991 | 2992 | 2993 | 2994 | 2995 | 2996 | 2997 | 2998 | 2999 | 3000 | 3001 | 3002 | 3003 | 3004 | 3005 | 3006 | 3007 | 3008 | 3009 | 3010 | 3011 | 3012 | 3013 | 3014 | 3015 | 3016 | 3017 | 3018 | 3019 | 3020 | 3021 |