Menu History Laws |
" On the foregoing Post Date: Fri, 8 Aug 2008 17:51:24 +0000 We perceive, therefore, that tbe term public pur- pose, as employed to denote the objects for which taxes may be levied, has no relation to the urgency of the public need or to the extent of the public benefit which is to follow. It Is on the other hand, merely a term of classification to distinguish the objects for which, according to settled usage, the government is to pro- vide, from those which, by the like usage, are left to private in- clination, interest, or liberality." On the foregoing, which is the last paragraph quoted by Wells from Cooley's opinion in People v. Autor of the post: Undefined Besides he ig- nores those Post Date: Fri, 8 Aug 2008 17:35:46 +0000 Township, my ob- servations shall, be confined to two points. If Cooley had said that the law of demand and supply gives us the best obtainable proportion of farmers, tradesmen and the like, such declaration would have been less objectionable than his chosen one, that said law gives us "the proper proportion," etc. Besides he ig- nores those trades union measures which in some cases restrict the number of apprentices, and consequently of workmen, in a given calling with almost the efficiency of a positive and well- executed law emanating from state authority. Autor of the post: Undefined A discreet paternalism will not Post Date: Fri, 8 Aug 2008 17:18:38 +0000 The over-crowd- ing of professions, admitted to be a fact, is but one of the nu- merous instances wherein the law of supply and demand does not give a proper proportion. The shallow optimism which in- spired Cooley to write "proper proportion" precluded of course any consideration by him of remedy for what he thought to be the soundest health. A discreet paternalism will not squander public funds for the creation of parasitic opportunities; these in- deed it will cut off; but,, it will create opportunities for social units of convenient size to sustain themselves in self-respect and decent comfort; with these, gradually create a public opinion which shall draw to the abundant measure of the new oppor- tunities the very best of young brain and young blood to demon- strate by sturdy and continuous individual development, through social development, that the new paternalism will have come to stay, and to demolish many an idol of den, tribe, mar- ket-place and theatre, to their votaries seeming greater perhaps than Diana of Ephesus did to hers. Autor of the post: Undefined Since nobody else claims it Post Date: Fri, 8 Aug 2008 17:07:16 +0000 Good people, don't begin to bawl socialist at me: I know too well the tenacity with which average human nature clings to and chases, a hundred dollars, clings to this, that and the other tangible thing with a yearning that feels in the possession of such thing as its very own the sweetest, fondest ideal realized know these and a thousand other things that enter into a reasonably full inventory of human nature know them too well to entertain for one moment the idle dream of an enforced, an universal collectivism. It takes all kinds of people to make a world, takes all manner of holdings to exhaust the meaning and the fact of property, takes the old and the new sorts and conditions of men to make the civil nation. Since nobody else claims it, I put my hall-mark and a new mean- ing on paternalism, and will show in other time and place its fuller port and significance as rebuilt and launched by me. Autor of the post: Undefined " It is apparent Post Date: Fri, 8 Aug 2008 16:56:20 +0000 It is sufficiently apparent from what I have already said that Cooley's classification of "public purpose" as determined "ac- cording to settled usage" is valid only as a matter of local tech- nical law and of local usage, which is subject at any time to be- coming unsettled or resettled by authoritative declaration of the people. In fact Cooley himself felt the vagueness of his own, and the difficulty of making any, line of distinction, having said as Wells quotes him (Theofy and Practice, 289), that "there is no such thing as drawing a clear line of distinction between pur- poses of a public and those of a private nature." It is apparent that a public, like any other purpose, may be inopportune or in- discreet. Autor of the post: Undefined " It is in no wise Post Date: Fri, 8 Aug 2008 16:41:44 +0000 The test then, does not lie in discretion or indiscre- tion. In a despotism, the declaration of Caesar that a proposed exaction shall be called a tax makes it so and makes its purpose technically public, or in Austin's sense "legally just." It is in no wise different where the people speak with full author- ity. Autor of the post: Undefined And the principle established Post Date: Fri, 8 Aug 2008 16:29:11 +0000 I have said that in so far as the proposition, taxes must be for public purposes, has any real meaning, it makes for my pa- ternalism. Now, in the cases where our courts have held taxes to be so only in name because not for a purpose which the judges would consent to call "public/ the point on which they all turn is that some individual is, or expects to be, unduly or dispro- portionately benefited by them claims them for building a road which he will own and operate or for building a factory for his individual business. And the principle established by these cases may be thus worded : Individualism, under "cover of tax-laws, must not be permitted to prey on the public. Autor of the post: Undefined The dictum of Justice Miller Post Date: Fri, 8 Aug 2008 16:10:39 +0000 This, as far as it goes, is just my position; and certainly, whether it be regarded as a self-imposed limitation of individualism or a limitation im- posed by collective social consciousness, it is none the less .a limitation and a proper one, entirely acceptable to any discreet paternalism. The dictum of Justice Miller on the theory of our governments Austin on the sanctions of constitutional law Where constitution unwritten, sanctions "moral" only Moral sanctions explained by the collective temper or conscience of the effective majority No unconstitutional act is illegal when all the departments of government sustain it, and this whether constitution is written or unwritten A true sovereign, whether prince or people, is incapable of legal limitation People by amending constitution could create fegal antinomy Effective limitation of written constitutions lie outside them Legal profession as proximately deter- mining our constitutions Police power from different standpoints. Autor of the post: Undefined supreme court of the United States Post Date: Fri, 8 Aug 2008 15:55:32 +0000 All shades of individualism have this in common that they are suspicious of government powers, look with alarm on their possibilities even where conceding that those powers exist, and that they should in some degree, be exercised. Hence the ap- prehension with which Wells and individualists generally look on the tremendous and as yet comparatively unused powers of taxation which may be developed by federal and state govern- ments in the United States ; hence the approval and anxious zeal with which they quote the words of Justice Miller as organ of the .supreme court of the United States in Loan Association v. Autor of the post: Undefined " This sentence sounds well Post Date: Fri, 8 Aug 2008 15:42:19 +0000 Topeka, 20 Wall. 655, "The theory of our government, state and national, is opposed to the deposit of unlimited power any- where." This sentence sounds well, and in a sense states a truth, much of the same order as that stated in the proposition, all plane surfaces are flat. 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