Menu History Laws |
Here he is not under Post Date: Fri, 8 Aug 2008 20:32:17 +0000 But in so far as it is not an identical proposition, in so far as public pur- pose does not necessarily and inseparably inhere in the' word tax, it does not make for the Wells individualism, but for the Hertig paternalism. Here Wells and I pur- sue the same ideal; only he does not know what to do with the object of his choice, while I but that is a different story. Here he is not under the cruel necessity of parting company with his friend Cooley, but leans on him heavily and on his opinion, as the organ of the supreme court of Michigan, in Peo- ple v. Autor of the post: Undefined [Express constitutional provisions last only Post Date: Fri, 8 Aug 2008 20:18:15 +0000 Township, 20 Mich. Said Cooley in that case : "In respect to certain things of absolute necessity to civilized society, the state is precluded either by express constitutional provision or by necessary implication, from providing for at all, and which are thus left wholly to the fostering care of private en- terprise and private liberality. [Express constitutional provisions last only until they are changed; and neither 'necessary' nor un- necessary 'implications' preclude the people from attempting in their associated capacity as a state whatever they shall choose to attempt. Autor of the post: Undefined [True in a sense, but Post Date: Fri, 8 Aug 2008 19:59:58 +0000 The only limitations on attempt and accomplishment are human nature and human environment another simple truth which timidity would cover with the drapery of bad meta- physics.] Certain professions and occupations in life are essential, but we have no authority to employ the public money to induce persons to enter them. [True in a sense, but not vitally nor necessarily true. Autor of the post: Undefined There is many an abuse Post Date: Fri, 8 Aug 2008 19:41:10 +0000 We have the authority to confer whenever it shall seem to us sufficiently essential to do so. We employ the public money and promise commissions as officials to young men to induce them to enter upon the profession of arms at West Point and Annapolis. There is many an abuse, direct or indirect, in this kind, fruit of parasi- tic paternalism, which the right paternalism will correct. Autor of the post: Undefined The educational authorities in Chi- Post Date: Fri, 8 Aug 2008 19:26:22 +0000 ] The public necessity for an educated, skillful physician in some par- ticular locality may be great and pressing, yet, if the people should be taxed to hire one to locate there the common voice would exclaim that the public moneys were being devoted to a private purpose. [It is conceded that penitentiaries occupy 'par- ticular' localities, yet the common voice does not exclaim that the public moneys paid to penitentiary, physicians are being de- voted to a private purpose. The educational authorities in Chi- cago supervise their schools, all in particular localities, and have at times been paternal enough to employ physicians to go there at stated times and medically inspect the pupils. Autor of the post: Undefined For the rest, Cooley's illustration Post Date: Fri, 8 Aug 2008 19:09:57 +0000 I accept as perfectly valid the opinion of grade teachers there that the expenditures in that behalf were foolish, yet they were un- doubtedly for a public purpose. I am not captious; I am aware that Cooley, though he does not say so, means, by the phrase "in some particular locality," in some particular community enjoy- ing the usual American privilege of local self-government; but by "necessary implication," he tacitly assumes two kinds of pub- lic necessity, the kind that does and the kind that does not war- rant the expenditure of public funds ; his thought stalks in very loose-jointed armor; and that fact affords an opportunity to ac- cent the further fact that he misses throughout this discussion what ought to be its fundamental underlying proposition, un- consciously suggested in the very mention of his "express con- stitutional provisions" and "necessary implications," to the extent that the public is its own master, it is its own judge as to what is and what is not such public necessity as to justify and demand the expenditure of public moneys. For the rest, Cooley's illustration from the need of a physician is hardly a happy one ; it sometimes does happen in a new community that a good young physician is attracted or held for the time being by some salaried office, such as town physician or the like, to which the local authorities affix greater compensation than they would otherwise. Autor of the post: Undefined [Another unlucky illustration! The good Post Date: Fri, 8 Aug 2008 18:54:36 +0000 Thus even where the public is not entirely its own master it may covertly make a public purpose of what superior authority would regard as a private one.] The opening of a new street in a city or village may be of trifling importance as com- pared with the location within it of some new business or manu- facture, but while the right to pay out the public funds for the one would be unquestionable, the other by common consent is classified as a private interest which the public f can aid as indi- viduals, if they see fit, while they are not permitted to employ the machinery of government to that end. [Another unlucky illustration! The good people of St. Autor of the post: Undefined Like many another judge Post Date: Fri, 8 Aug 2008 18:40:38 +0000 Cloud, Minnesota, not to mention many another town, can point to the ashes of a saw- mill and to the marks of some other private enterprises which, in their corporate capacity, they were permitted to, and did, aid largely out of a so-called "bonus fund." It is one thing to say what in the technical law of a particular state at a particular time was a "public purpose;" herein Cooley is right; it is en- tirely a different thing to affix "common consent" to such doc-' trine of technical law and imply that it is universal and perma- nent; herein Cooley is wrong, and indeed from the view-point of any comprehensive judgment, a weak blunderer. Like many another judge, he confounds what is, and especially what may be, with what he thinks ought to be. Autor of the post: Undefined The same princi- ple Post Date: Fri, 8 Aug 2008 18:23:29 +0000 To say what is a public purpose is a judicial function only to the extent that the public has not otherwise authoritatively declared what is such a pur- pose. Where the legislature has power and uses it, judges have decided over and over again that they cannot question the legis- lative discretion nor the legislature's motives. The same princi- ple of decision must of necessjty be applied to public purpose whenever the public shall choose to limit judicial discretion in that behalf. Autor of the post: Undefined How- ever great the need Post Date: Fri, 8 Aug 2008 18:08:44 +0000 ] "By common consent, also, a large portion of the most urg- ent needs of society are relegated exclusively to the law of de- mand and supply. It is this in its natural operation and without interference of the government that gives us the proper propor- tion of tillers of the soil, artisans, manufacturers, merchants, and professional men, and that determines when and where they shall give to society the benefit of their particular services. How- ever great the need in the direction of any particular calling, the interference of government is not tolerated, because, though it might be supplying a public want, it is considered as invading the domain that belongs exclusively to private inclination and enterprise. 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