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It would be easy Post Date: Sat, 9 Aug 2008 1:22:50 +0000 We have seen the untenable case it makes for itself in the field of tax definitions; it is entirely pertinent to our immediate subject to see if it has any strongly-entrenched position in the field of taxa- tion. We shall find that it has none. It would be easy to show that the general current of Ameri- can jurisprudence is directed away from strict individualism, and flows with ever-growing increments toward the more com- plete merger of individual person and individual right into state control. Autor of the post: Undefined Thus Wells: "The idea Post Date: Sat, 9 Aug 2008 1:12:02 +0000 Legislature-made law and judge-made law have kept al- most even speed with each other in drift toward that goal a statement subject only to the trifling correction that the judiciary has not unfrequently, in the name of paramount law, made the legislature turn back from short cut and unconstitutional chute. Willing or unwilling witness, they all tell the same story. Thus Wells: "The idea of using the power of taxation for other pur- poses than that of obtaining revenue for defraying the necessary expenditures of the government, was one hostile at the outset to all the beliefs and habits of thought of the American people; was totally incongruous with the social and political system which they instituted and expected. Autor of the post: Undefined Garfield said in substance Post Date: Sat, 9 Aug 2008 0:58:16 +0000 " This, it is true, is somewhat overdrawn. James A. Garfield said in substance that the fathers made arguments in favor of protective tariffs to which the protectionists ot his own day had added nothing new; and the reader, to find some warrant for Garfieid's statement, need not go beyond my own brief reference to the debates in the first congress under the Constitution. Autor of the post: Undefined What a long stride Post Date: Sat, 9 Aug 2008 0:46:18 +0000 In 1817, James Madison, often called the Father of the Constitu-- tion," vetoed a bill for internal improvement, which as president he could not approve, because he thought it unconstitutional, though he looked with favor on the improvement itself and would gladly have approved the bill if it could have been pre- sented to him after proper amendment to the Constitution. No such amendment has been adopted, and such has been the change in practice and theory that for a long time no amendment on the point has been thought necessary. What a long stride from the strict theory of the use of public moneys, as held by Madi- son, Monroe and others, to the present theory and practice, under which the actual expenditure by the United States of vast sums for improvement of home rivers and harbors, and the proposed expenditure of two hundred million dollars abroad for building, owning and operating an isthmian canal, are favored or opposed with hardly so much as a bare reference to the Constitution! When the supreme court of the United States began to hold that the state, notwithstanding the individual ownership of grain ele- vators, could regulate their charges, the ruling was based on the ground that in the case in hand the elevator men sat at the re- ceipts of tolls, "in the very gateway of commerce," in a great commercial mart, and by such fact of location, had such unfair advantage of the public that the public ought to have the right to regulate. Autor of the post: Undefined The same emi- nent tribunal Post Date: Sat, 9 Aug 2008 0:29:41 +0000 Munn v. Illinois, 94 U. The same emi- nent tribunal has since gone to the further length of holding that a statute of North Dakota does not contravene the Federal Constitution, though that statute operates under local physical conditions, making it entirely practicable for every grain owner to be his own warehouseman, though it prescribe a maximum storage rate which may not be remunerative, though it make what elevator it will a public warehouse imperatively bound to receive and store grain, even where the warehouseman may have built and intended to operate, only for handling his own grain, necessary for use in his individual business. Autor of the post: Undefined SELIGMAN, Essays in Taxation Post Date: Sat, 9 Aug 2008 0:19:01 +0000 The individualist propositions which Wells endeavors to for- tify most strongly are two, his personal doctrinaire and lonesome proposition that, as Seligman puts it for him, a so- called tax which looks to anything besides the securing of revenue is not a tax, but. an unconstitutional exercise of the tax- ing power;" the more widely held proposition, which Is as phrased by himself, "All taxes or enforced contributions levied by a state in virtue of its sovereignty should be solely and exclusive for public purposes. SELIGMAN, Essays in Taxation , WELLS, Theory and' Prac- tice of Taxation, 287. Autor of the post: Undefined Besides, the human will, organ Post Date: Fri, 8 Aug 2008 23:59:08 +0000 Now, in the first proposition, Wells abandons the world of reality for the world of fiat and of doctrinaire dreams. "Taxa- tion for reform," like all powers, as well of nature as of govern- ment, is potent for mischief in unskilled or otherwise inappro- priate hands; but from the very abuse of a particular power we may argue to its beneficent use, and certainly its existence is equally presupposed in use and abuse. Besides, the human will, organ of human sentiment, has a logic of its own, which consists in taking or making a path to its ends, and in leaving to word- mongers the subsequent burden of naming or nicknaming such path. Autor of the post: Undefined Half- way or quasi-individualists, like Post Date: Fri, 8 Aug 2008 23:41:50 +0000 Every individualist, in virtue of being so, or, as the classicists love to say, ex m termini, concedes grudgingly to government whatever power he does concede. His concessions are grudging in proportion to the intensity of his individualism, until, arrived at the extreme summit and peak of individualism, which extreme is theoretical anarchism, he bluntly refuses to concede to government any powers, holding all its powers to be spurious in title and abominable usurpation in practice. Half- way or quasi-individualists, like Wells, are in perpetual self-con- tradiction. Autor of the post: Undefined A jurist is consti- tutionally Post Date: Fri, 8 Aug 2008 23:26:06 +0000 They would be governed, and yet not governed; they refuse to accept sovereign governments as they are in the word of reality, and yet are so far attracted toward them as to lack somewhat in wing-and-will power for soaring to the dreamy heights of theoretical anarchism with its no government and its sweet paralysis of human nature. Cooley as a judge, helping with others to exercise the sovereignty of government, must from that very fact compromise with his quasi individualism much oftener and more deeply than Wells. A jurist is consti- tutionally incapable of disregarding continuously the facts about, and especially the facts behind him. Autor of the post: Undefined In earlier days, when saloon-keepers Post Date: Fri, 8 Aug 2008 23:09:49 +0000 Chief Justice Taney, suc- ceeding Chief Justice Marshall, may occasionally run, or try to, a chute into which Marshall would not have entered; but Taney can no more quit long the main channel which Marshall dredged, filled and buoyed than river pilot can disregard his "marks" when there is no inundation. Cooley, therefore, must fail Wells when the latter needs him most. In earlier days, when saloon-keepers first asked. 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