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His second came out Post Date: Sat, 9 Aug 2008 13:27:46 +0000 Moreover to define taxes as being for "public needs," and there end, is not to define, bound and limit, but to open wide the door to the much-mixed ques- tion, What, even in the measure of honest and discreet intent, are public needs? For further illustration of the saying, "All definition is dangerous," I add this note. In criticising Cooley's definition, I had only his first edition before me. His second came out in 1886, ten years after the first. Autor of the post: Undefined " It will thus be seen Post Date: Sat, 9 Aug 2008 13:14:45 +0000 Curious to see whether the learned judge had found his defini- tion satisfactory enough for him to reaffirm it, I have gone to the defini- tion given in his second edition, and find that it varies from the first. "Taxes," says the second edition, "are the enforced proportional con- tributions from persons and property, levied by the state by virtue of its sovereignty for the support of government, and for all public needs." It will thus be seen that it has all the vital defects of Cooley's first defi- ^ition, and another of its own. Autor of the post: Undefined Cooley, with the fatality Post Date: Sat, 9 Aug 2008 12:58:23 +0000 Why lug in "by virtue of its sovereign- ty?" The people are sovereign and in their "collegiate and sovereign capacity" constitute the state. Or we may put it otherwise ; for there is a considerable assortment of metaphysical formulas that may be used and disputed in this connection. Cooley, with the fatality that so often steers our judges into bad metaphysics, if it steers them into any, makes one abstraction, the state, levy taxes by virtue of another abstraction, its sovereignty ! Whereas, as we all know, it is our officials that levy taxes. Autor of the post: Undefined The formula of his first Post Date: Sat, 9 Aug 2008 12:41:37 +0000 Now, if Cooley meant to put the abstract for the concrete, he meant also, if he was consistent, to affirm of the abstract officialdom so mas- querading as the state, that said officialdom levies by virtue of its sov- ereignty. Hence officialdom is sovereign! a conclusion which Cooley, on cross-examination, would have doubtless denied. The formula of his first definition in this behalf, "levied by the authority of the state," is unobjectionable, because it is true. Autor of the post: Undefined " *Not if he should go Post Date: Sat, 9 Aug 2008 12:30:51 +0000 As authority for both definitions he cites Opinions of Judges, 58 Maine, 591, where the justices of the Su- preme Court of that state give to its house of representatives their opin- ions, that it is -contrary to the Maine constitution for towns to assist manufactures, or to carry on manufactures themselves. Among the opinions is one by Chief Justice Appleton, giving the prototype of Cooley's definition, and which he would have done better to follow literally : "Taxes are the enforced proportional contribution of each citizen and of his estate, levied by the authority of the state for the support of the government and for all public needs." *Not if he should go to the Century definition of "at," which would tell him under the 3d numbered paragraph of this little word's defini- tidn, that at "of relative position" implies "a point in an actual or pos- sible series, and hence used of degree, price, time" [et al. Autor of the post: Undefined ; as, to discount Post Date: Sat, 9 Aug 2008 12:20:05 +0000 ] ; as, : at seventy degrees in the shade, at four dollars a yard, at ten cents a pound, at midnight, at first, : etc. No more if he should consult its definition of "discount," verb transitive, paragraph 3: "In finance, to purchase, or pay the amount of in cash, less a certain rate per cent. ; as, to discount a bill or a claim at 7 per cent. Autor of the post: Undefined He might learn Post Date: Sat, 9 Aug 2008 12:09:24 +0000 " No more, if he should try definition of discount in paragraph 4: To make a deduction from, put a reduced estimate or valuation upon; make thirty lines following it, rest upon definition and commentary as an all-sufficient basis for a system of taxation which he would now frame him for beguilement of his solitude and for the coming "economic man" who should some time, in multi- plied editions, people his road-girt home. But, if somewhat of an analytic questioner, he might bethink him that the tax so defined is only a paid tax, and wonder what he should call those amounts which, it might occur to him, could be levied, and yet possibly remain forever uncollected and unenforced a matter on which the big dictionary would shed no light, but which would come out affirmatively and indicatively strong, could he only by some wireless telegraphy get and understand signals from State Auditor Dunn, of Minnesota. He might learn from the dictionary that a corporation is an "artificial person"; he could not learn from it whether or not a corporation in the eye of the taxing power is a "person," or "property" or "income," or sometimes one or more of these things and sometimes none of them. Autor of the post: Undefined Not being quite sure Post Date: Sat, 9 Aug 2008 11:50:03 +0000 He might admire the spirit of precision displayed in the use of its, before "public or governmental needs," should he think the word meant to mark off the needs of the govern- ment as distinguished from needs of another government; and his admiration might take another direction, if he should con- an allowance for exaggeration or excess in : as, to discount a braggart's story; to discount an improbable piece of news." As I write this note, July I4th, 1902, in the library of the University of Minnesota, comes up a young woman seeking information about place of registry for the summer school. Not being quite sure on this point, I suggest to her to wait until some one in touch with the genii of the place shall appear ; and then with the preamble, "One question deserves another," I ask her, "Will you tell me what you understand by this statement, 'The paper ruble is discounted at about 50 cents?'" She: "Please repeat the statement. Autor of the post: Undefined " I: "Off the nominal value?" Post Date: Sat, 9 Aug 2008 11:38:35 +0000 " I repeat. She: "I suppose it means 50 per cent is taken off." I: "Off the nominal value?" She: "Yes. Autor of the post: Undefined register Post Date: Sat, 9 Aug 2008 11:25:14 +0000 " Further question elicits fact that she has taught 39 months in grammar grades. A demure and mature girl, who had shown me where they keep the Century Dictionary, now appears, and my enlightener of 39 months' experience is enlightened in turn, and duly goes to. register. 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| 2442 | 2443 | 2444 | 2445 | 2446 | 2447 | 2448 | 2449 | 2450 | 2451 | 2452 | 2453 | 2454 | 2455 | 2456 | 2457 | 2458 | 2459 | 2460 | 2461 | 2462 | 2463 | 2464 | 2465 | 2466 | 2467 | 2468 | 2469 | 2470 | 2471 | 2472 | 2473 | 2474 | 2475 | 2476 | 2477 | 2478 | 2479 | 2480 | 2481 | 2482 | 2483 | 2484 | 2485 | 2486 | 2487 | 2488 | 2489 | 2490 | 2491 | 2492 | 2493 | 2494 | 2495 | 2496 | 2497 | 2498 | 2499 | 2500 | 2501 | 2502 | 2503 | 2504 | 2505 | 2506 | 2507 | 2508 | 2509 | 2510 | 2511 | 2512 | 2513 | 2514 | 2515 | 2516 | 2517 | 2518 | 2519 | 2520 | 2521 | 2522 | 2523 | 2524 | 2525 | 2526 | 2527 | 2528 | 2529 | 2530 | 2531 | 2532 | 2533 | 2534 | 2535 | 2536 | 2537 | 2538 | 2539 | 2540 | 2541 | 2542 | 2543 | 2544 | 2545 | 2546 | 2547 | 2548 | 2549 | 2550 | 2551 | 2552 | 2553 | 2554 | 2555 | 2556 | 2557 | 2558 | 2559 | 2560 | 2561 | 2562 | 2563 | 2564 | 2565 | 2566 | 2567 | 2568 | 2569 | 2570 | 2571 | 2572 | 2573 | 2574 | 2575 | 2576 | 2577 | 2578 | 2579 | 2580 | 2581 | 2582 | 2583 | 2584 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| 2728 | 2729 | 2730 | 2731 | 2732 | 2733 | 2734 | 2735 | 2736 | 2737 | 2738 | 2739 | 2740 | 2741 | 2742 | 2743 | 2744 | 2745 | 2746 | 2747 | 2748 | 2749 | 2750 | 2751 | 2752 | 2753 | 2754 | 2755 | 2756 | 2757 | 2758 | 2759 | 2760 | 2761 | 2762 | 2763 | 2764 | 2765 | 2766 | 2767 | 2768 | 2769 | 2770 | 2771 | 2772 | 2773 | 2774 | 2775 | 2776 | 2777 | 2778 | 2779 | 2780 | 2781 | 2782 | 2783 | 2784 | 2785 | 2786 | 2787 | 2788 | 2789 | 2790 | 2791 | 2792 | 2793 | 2794 | 2795 | 2796 | 2797 | 2798 | 2799 | 2800 | 2801 | 2802 | 2803 | 2804 | 2805 | 2806 | 2807 | 2808 | 2809 | 2810 | 2811 | 2812 | 2813 | 2814 | 2815 | 2816 | 2817 | 2818 | 2819 | 2820 | 2821 | 2822 | 2823 | 2824 | 2825 | 2826 | 2827 | 2828 | 2829 | 2830 | 2831 | 2832 | 2833 | 2834 | 2835 | 2836 | 2837 | 2838 | 2839 | 2840 | 2841 | 2842 | 2843 | 2844 | 2845 | 2846 | 2847 | 2848 | 2849 | 2850 | 2851 | 2852 | 2853 | 2854 | 2855 | 2856 | 2857 | 2858 | 2859 | 2860 | 2861 | 2862 | 2863 | 2864 | 2865 | 2866 | 2867 | 2868 | 2869 | 2870 | 2871 | 2872 | 2873 | 2874 | 2875 | 2876 | 2877 | 2878 | 2879 | 2880 | 2881 | 2882 | 2883 | 2884 | 2885 | 2886 | 2887 | 2888 | 2889 | 2890 | 2891 | 2892 | 2893 | 2894 | 2895 | 2896 | 2897 | 2898 | 2899 | 2900 | 2901 | 2902 | 2903 | 2904 | 2905 | 2906 | 2907 | 2908 | 2909 | 2910 | 2911 | 2912 | 2913 | 2914 | 2915 | 2916 | 2917 | 2918 | 2919 | 2920 | 2921 | 2922 | 2923 | 2924 | 2925 | 2926 | 2927 | 2928 | 2929 | 2930 | 2931 | 2932 | 2933 | 2934 | 2935 | 2936 | 2937 | 2938 | 2939 | 2940 | 2941 | 2942 | 2943 | 2944 | 2945 | 2946 | 2947 | 2948 | 2949 | 2950 | 2951 | 2952 | 2953 | 2954 | 2955 | 2956 | 2957 | 2958 | 2959 | 2960 | 2961 | 2962 | 2963 | 2964 | 2965 | 2966 | 2967 | 2968 | 2969 | 2970 | 2971 | 2972 | 2973 | 2974 | 2975 | 2976 | 2977 | 2978 | 2979 | 2980 | 2981 | 2982 | 2983 | 2984 | 2985 | 2986 | 2987 | 2988 | 2989 | 2990 | 2991 | 2992 | 2993 | 2994 | 2995 | 2996 | 2997 | 2998 | 2999 | 3000 | 3001 | 3002 | 3003 | 3004 | 3005 | 3006 | 3007 | 3008 | 3009 | 3010 | 3011 | 3012 | 3013 | 3014 | 3015 | 3016 | 3017 | 3018 | 3019 | 3020 | 3021 |