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With their professor of Political Post Date: Sat, 9 Aug 2008 20:30:57 +0000 Perry, moreover, takes a first halting step away from indi- vidualism, yet not far enough to look with approval on any tax measure" that would take from the rich man any greater percent- age of the fruit of his "abstinence" and "thrift" than that taken from the king's poor cousins. Like trustees of other colleges, those of Williams are doubtless thrifty and pious. With their professor of Political Economy sound on "thrift," what writer could take exception to this halting step from individualism, with truly pious knee-crook, toward latent paternalism. Autor of the post: Undefined " This, he says, "by Post Date: Sat, 9 Aug 2008 20:17:23 +0000 "Government exists as well for the improvement as for the protection of society and many of its high functions are moral, to be performed under a lofty sense of responsibility to God and to future ages." Thus delivered and so squared with his trustees, Perry can, and does, proceed to vindicate the ways of government to man in "the matter of taxation." This, he says, "by which government is out- wardly supported and by which it takes to itself a part of the gains of every man's industry, seems to me to find a ready and solid justification in the common principles of exchange. Autor of the post: Undefined Taxes, therefore, demanded of citizens Post Date: Sat, 9 Aug 2008 20:04:36 +0000 A tax paid is a reward for a service rendered ; and because the service may have respected another generation as well as the present, it is sometimes proper that the tax shall be passed over in part to another generation to pay. The services which government ren- ders to production by its laws, courts, and officers, are rendered on the whole economically and satisfactorily. Taxes, therefore, demanded of citizens by a lawful government which tolerably performs its functions, are legitimate and just on principles of exchange alone. Autor of the post: Undefined ") Indeed Prof Post Date: Sat, 9 Aug 2008 19:46:42 +0000 Now, however, the professors are making a square turn from the purchase theory of a tax (notion that it is a payment to the -government for service rendered in amount equal to the cost of the service); also from the benefit theory of a tax (notion that a tax is a payment by .citizens to the state on account of and in pro- portion to the benefit received.") Indeed Prof. Autor of the post: Undefined " Essays in Taxation, 5 Post Date: Sat, 9 Aug 2008 19:35:01 +0000 Seligman with ruthless readiness to jar the feelings of Prof. Perry and others impaled on their own rusty standpoints, does not scruple to write : "Until within a few years it was deemed necessary to base the theoretical justification of taxation on fanciful doctrines of con- tract, of protection and the like." Essays in Taxation, 5. Autor of the post: Undefined The simpler and the permanent Post Date: Sat, 9 Aug 2008 19:23:36 +0000 The advance from the individualist, "or restrictive theory of govern- ment which prevailed in the early portion of the igth century," toward the paternalist theory may be measured in part by the fact that grave professors condemn the "benefit theory of a tax," be- cause, "like the purchase theory of taxation, it rests upon the in- dividualistic conception of society. ADAMS, The Science of Finance, 299. The simpler and the permanent reason for condemning the in- surance theory, purchase theory, benefit theory, or any other ex- change theory of taxation (except in those cases where govern- ments take fees for a specific service rendered, or privilege ac- corded), is that governments, as we now conceive them, impose taxes because they must, or cease to exist ; while the taxpayer pays because he must, or suffer consequences which he can in general not choose to endure. Autor of the post: Undefined He, in a note Post Date: Sat, 9 Aug 2008 19:08:37 +0000 In other words, there is in tax- paying and tax-taking the plain fact of contact without contract, though the amount taken is sometimes fixed by contract between the state and the taxpayer ; and it is always useless, often mis- chievous, to blink plain facts. For the rest, the underlying as- sumption and falsehood of all individualists is that "the end of every government is to institute and protect property" a propo- sition that has received due logical pulverization at the hands of John Austin. He, in a note to his sixth lecture, "The Province of Jurisprudence Determined," serves the "propounders of this absurdity" with summary but luminous process^ He first puts the proposition for them into a very general and dignified form, "To confer on its subjects legal rights, and to preserve those rights from infringement, is the end of every government. Autor of the post: Undefined But the institution and protection Post Date: Sat, 9 Aug 2008 18:56:11 +0000 " Then proceeding to demolish : "If the creation and protection of legal rights were its [government's] proper paramount purpose, its proper paramount purpose might be the advancement of misery, rather than the advancement of happiness ; since many of the legal rights which governments have created and protected (as the rights of masters, for example, to and against slaves), are gener- ally pernicious, rather than generally useful. To advance as far as is possible the common happiness or weal" [is the "proper paramount purpose" of government; and to that end] "a govern- ment must confer on its subjects beneficent legal rights, or such legal rights as general utility commends, an4 preserve those rights from infringement, by enforcing the corresponding sanctions. But the institution and protection of beneficent legal rights, or of the kinds of property that are commended by general utility, is merely a subordinate and in- strumental end through which the government must accom- pish its paramount or absolute purpose. Autor of the post: Undefined " Lectures on Jurisprudence, I, 292-3 Post Date: Sat, 9 Aug 2008 18:40:04 +0000 The propo- sition in question," putting for government's paramount end a merely subordinate and instrumental end, "is, therefore, false; and considered as a definition of the means to such paramount or absolute end, it is defective. For there are absolute legal duties, or legal duties without correspond- ing rights, that are not a whit less requisite to the advancement of the general good than legal rights themselves with the relative duties which they imply." Lectures on Jurisprudence, I, 292-3. Autor of the post: Undefined ) "which I now have stated Post Date: Sat, 9 Aug 2008 18:29:20 +0000 "The sum of the subordinate ends which may subserve" govern- ment's paramount end, "is scarcely comprised by a good legisla- tion and a good administration of justice," by furnishing judge, sheriff and policeman. "The prevalent mistake," continues Austin (ibid.) "which I now have stated and exemplified, is committed by certain of the writers on political economy, whenever they meddle incidentally with the connected science of legislation. 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| 2442 | 2443 | 2444 | 2445 | 2446 | 2447 | 2448 | 2449 | 2450 | 2451 | 2452 | 2453 | 2454 | 2455 | 2456 | 2457 | 2458 | 2459 | 2460 | 2461 | 2462 | 2463 | 2464 | 2465 | 2466 | 2467 | 2468 | 2469 | 2470 | 2471 | 2472 | 2473 | 2474 | 2475 | 2476 | 2477 | 2478 | 2479 | 2480 | 2481 | 2482 | 2483 | 2484 | 2485 | 2486 | 2487 | 2488 | 2489 | 2490 | 2491 | 2492 | 2493 | 2494 | 2495 | 2496 | 2497 | 2498 | 2499 | 2500 | 2501 | 2502 | 2503 | 2504 | 2505 | 2506 | 2507 | 2508 | 2509 | 2510 | 2511 | 2512 | 2513 | 2514 | 2515 | 2516 | 2517 | 2518 | 2519 | 2520 | 2521 | 2522 | 2523 | 2524 | 2525 | 2526 | 2527 | 2528 | 2529 | 2530 | 2531 | 2532 | 2533 | 2534 | 2535 | 2536 | 2537 | 2538 | 2539 | 2540 | 2541 | 2542 | 2543 | 2544 | 2545 | 2546 | 2547 | 2548 | 2549 | 2550 | 2551 | 2552 | 2553 | 2554 | 2555 | 2556 | 2557 | 2558 | 2559 | 2560 | 2561 | 2562 | 2563 | 2564 | 2565 | 2566 | 2567 | 2568 | 2569 | 2570 | 2571 | 2572 | 2573 | 2574 | 2575 | 2576 | 2577 | 2578 | 2579 | 2580 | 2581 | 2582 | 2583 | 2584 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| 2728 | 2729 | 2730 | 2731 | 2732 | 2733 | 2734 | 2735 | 2736 | 2737 | 2738 | 2739 | 2740 | 2741 | 2742 | 2743 | 2744 | 2745 | 2746 | 2747 | 2748 | 2749 | 2750 | 2751 | 2752 | 2753 | 2754 | 2755 | 2756 | 2757 | 2758 | 2759 | 2760 | 2761 | 2762 | 2763 | 2764 | 2765 | 2766 | 2767 | 2768 | 2769 | 2770 | 2771 | 2772 | 2773 | 2774 | 2775 | 2776 | 2777 | 2778 | 2779 | 2780 | 2781 | 2782 | 2783 | 2784 | 2785 | 2786 | 2787 | 2788 | 2789 | 2790 | 2791 | 2792 | 2793 | 2794 | 2795 | 2796 | 2797 | 2798 | 2799 | 2800 | 2801 | 2802 | 2803 | 2804 | 2805 | 2806 | 2807 | 2808 | 2809 | 2810 | 2811 | 2812 | 2813 | 2814 | 2815 | 2816 | 2817 | 2818 | 2819 | 2820 | 2821 | 2822 | 2823 | 2824 | 2825 | 2826 | 2827 | 2828 | 2829 | 2830 | 2831 | 2832 | 2833 | 2834 | 2835 | 2836 | 2837 | 2838 | 2839 | 2840 | 2841 | 2842 | 2843 | 2844 | 2845 | 2846 | 2847 | 2848 | 2849 | 2850 | 2851 | 2852 | 2853 | 2854 | 2855 | 2856 | 2857 | 2858 | 2859 | 2860 | 2861 | 2862 | 2863 | 2864 | 2865 | 2866 | 2867 | 2868 | 2869 | 2870 | 2871 | 2872 | 2873 | 2874 | 2875 | 2876 | 2877 | 2878 | 2879 | 2880 | 2881 | 2882 | 2883 | 2884 | 2885 | 2886 | 2887 | 2888 | 2889 | 2890 | 2891 | 2892 | 2893 | 2894 | 2895 | 2896 | 2897 | 2898 | 2899 | 2900 | 2901 | 2902 | 2903 | 2904 | 2905 | 2906 | 2907 | 2908 | 2909 | 2910 | 2911 | 2912 | 2913 | 2914 | 2915 | 2916 | 2917 | 2918 | 2919 | 2920 | 2921 | 2922 | 2923 | 2924 | 2925 | 2926 | 2927 | 2928 | 2929 | 2930 | 2931 | 2932 | 2933 | 2934 | 2935 | 2936 | 2937 | 2938 | 2939 | 2940 | 2941 | 2942 | 2943 | 2944 | 2945 | 2946 | 2947 | 2948 | 2949 | 2950 | 2951 | 2952 | 2953 | 2954 | 2955 | 2956 | 2957 | 2958 | 2959 | 2960 | 2961 | 2962 | 2963 | 2964 | 2965 | 2966 | 2967 | 2968 | 2969 | 2970 | 2971 | 2972 | 2973 | 2974 | 2975 | 2976 | 2977 | 2978 | 2979 | 2980 | 2981 | 2982 | 2983 | 2984 | 2985 | 2986 | 2987 | 2988 | 2989 | 2990 | 2991 | 2992 | 2993 | 2994 | 2995 | 2996 | 2997 | 2998 | 2999 | 3000 | 3001 | 3002 | 3003 | 3004 | 3005 | 3006 | 3007 | 3008 | 3009 | 3010 | 3011 | 3012 | 3013 | 3014 | 3015 | 3016 | 3017 | 3018 | 3019 | 3020 | 3021 |