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du Puynode : "The portion Post Date: Sat, 9 Aug 2008 22:38:16 +0000 " Voltaire describes paying taxes "as employing a portion, of one's property to keeping up the re- mainder. The Marquis d' Audiffret: "A sacrifice asked of so- ciety for the protection of its existence, as well as for the develop- ment of its power. du Puynode : "The portion which each one restores to the common treasury to assure the peaceable en- joyment of his goods (remainder of his property) and respect for his person. Autor of the post: Undefined He argues most interestingly Post Date: Sat, 9 Aug 2008 22:26:14 +0000 " Proudhon: "Tax is really an exchange in which the state gives its services and the taxpayer gives hard cash." Proudhon, however, makes the acute observation that taxes are the price exacted by the state for continuing to monopolists their privileges; that where taxation begins, monopoly is already in full flower by its ownership of land, mines, forests and waters; that equality of taxation is an idea in advance of social conditions, but would work to just results only if all fortunes were equal. He argues most interestingly that under any plan of taxation poverty gets the worst of it, still holds, so to speak, the beggar's wallet, while the rich man is ever the object of governmental solicitude. Autor of the post: Undefined " Montesquieu, whose Spirit Post Date: Sat, 9 Aug 2008 22:14:47 +0000 System of Economic Contradictions, Ch VII. Emile de Girardin following Thiers, held pointedly but super- ficially with him that "a tax is and should be nothing more than an insurance premium." Montesquieu, whose Spirit of the Laws was a book much admired by and influential with certain framers of the Constitution of the United States gives therein a definition of public revenues which has largely found favor with his coun- trymen, and with many others. Autor of the post: Undefined Say, a French economist Post Date: Sat, 9 Aug 2008 22:01:24 +0000 Indeed the foregoing French def- initions are little more than a paraphrase of his definition of state revenues: "The revenues of the state are a portion which each citizen gives of his property, to have the remainder in safety, or to enjoy it more agreeably." Esprit des Lois, Livre Treizieme (Paris, 1867). Say, a French economist, who was much moved by the abuses of the taxing power defined a tax as "a calamity. Autor of the post: Undefined " If the words "exacted Post Date: Sat, 9 Aug 2008 21:50:23 +0000 " Paul Leroy-Beaulieu has made perhaps the best of the French defini- tions, best for precise formality, but rigidly excluding all refer- ence to collateral purpose as well as paramount end of govern- ment. "A tax," he says, "is the contribution exacted of each citi- zen for his share of the government expenditures." If the words "exacted of each citizen" seem, at first thought, too broad, the ob- jection may be answered in. Autor of the post: Undefined Contribution as a name for Post Date: Sat, 9 Aug 2008 21:34:55 +0000 a second thought that whoever con- sumes, though he be a beggar, pays at least a consumption tax out of his begging's whenever and wherever he buys with them. So also, as the words "exacted of each citizen" are none too broad, the word "contribution" as representative of what is exacted, is none to narrow, it being fairly applicable to money, to payments in kind, and to payments in work or service. Contribution as a name for tax came into common use with the French revolution, as being free from the old harsh associations connected with the old name, and implying that the citizen in a free state should re- gard his payments as in large measure voluntary. Autor of the post: Undefined Daniel Webster and Justice Story Post Date: Sat, 9 Aug 2008 21:17:57 +0000 But this, of course, is merely sentimental and decorative, and not even as ef- fective as turning the cracked side of a vase toward the wall, which turning may at least deceive the spectator ; while contribu- tion coupled with the words "exacted" or "enforced" neither de- ceives nor can deceive as to the compelling hand behind it. For the rest, contribution as a name for tax, dates even in English use from a time much before the French Revolution, and is very cur- rent. Daniel Webster and Justice Story (as Justice Samuel F. Autor of the post: Undefined Perry Purchase, benefit and other Post Date: Sat, 9 Aug 2008 21:06:53 +0000 Miller states in his lectures on the Constitution) defined tax as "a contribution imposed by government on individuals for the ser- vice of the state." To serve God and Mammon through tax laws an easy matter for Prof. Perry Purchase, benefit and other exchange theories of taxation super- annuated Simple and permanent basis for condemning such theories False individualist assumption underlying them exploded. Autor of the post: Undefined Perry's Elements of Political Economy Post Date: Sat, 9 Aug 2008 20:53:25 +0000 Nothing in tax literature is more touchingly naive and sloppy than the brief chapter on Taxation in Prof. Arthur L. Perry's Elements of Political Economy, first ed. Autor of the post: Undefined 38, above, and credited only Post Date: Sat, 9 Aug 2008 20:41:12 +0000 (New York, 1866). As the book went through nineteen editions and various changes, in one or more of which Perry utters the despairing cry, There is "no science of taxation as there is a science of exchanges" (quoted by Wells, p. 38, above, and credited only to "most eco- nomists"), some specimen of the flower of Perry's genius before it was yet unduly remote from the bud, seems due to my readers, especially as Perry, too, sees an exchange transaction in paying taxes. 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| 2442 | 2443 | 2444 | 2445 | 2446 | 2447 | 2448 | 2449 | 2450 | 2451 | 2452 | 2453 | 2454 | 2455 | 2456 | 2457 | 2458 | 2459 | 2460 | 2461 | 2462 | 2463 | 2464 | 2465 | 2466 | 2467 | 2468 | 2469 | 2470 | 2471 | 2472 | 2473 | 2474 | 2475 | 2476 | 2477 | 2478 | 2479 | 2480 | 2481 | 2482 | 2483 | 2484 | 2485 | 2486 | 2487 | 2488 | 2489 | 2490 | 2491 | 2492 | 2493 | 2494 | 2495 | 2496 | 2497 | 2498 | 2499 | 2500 | 2501 | 2502 | 2503 | 2504 | 2505 | 2506 | 2507 | 2508 | 2509 | 2510 | 2511 | 2512 | 2513 | 2514 | 2515 | 2516 | 2517 | 2518 | 2519 | 2520 | 2521 | 2522 | 2523 | 2524 | 2525 | 2526 | 2527 | 2528 | 2529 | 2530 | 2531 | 2532 | 2533 | 2534 | 2535 | 2536 | 2537 | 2538 | 2539 | 2540 | 2541 | 2542 | 2543 | 2544 | 2545 | 2546 | 2547 | 2548 | 2549 | 2550 | 2551 | 2552 | 2553 | 2554 | 2555 | 2556 | 2557 | 2558 | 2559 | 2560 | 2561 | 2562 | 2563 | 2564 | 2565 | 2566 | 2567 | 2568 | 2569 | 2570 | 2571 | 2572 | 2573 | 2574 | 2575 | 2576 | 2577 | 2578 | 2579 | 2580 | 2581 | 2582 | 2583 | 2584 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| 2728 | 2729 | 2730 | 2731 | 2732 | 2733 | 2734 | 2735 | 2736 | 2737 | 2738 | 2739 | 2740 | 2741 | 2742 | 2743 | 2744 | 2745 | 2746 | 2747 | 2748 | 2749 | 2750 | 2751 | 2752 | 2753 | 2754 | 2755 | 2756 | 2757 | 2758 | 2759 | 2760 | 2761 | 2762 | 2763 | 2764 | 2765 | 2766 | 2767 | 2768 | 2769 | 2770 | 2771 | 2772 | 2773 | 2774 | 2775 | 2776 | 2777 | 2778 | 2779 | 2780 | 2781 | 2782 | 2783 | 2784 | 2785 | 2786 | 2787 | 2788 | 2789 | 2790 | 2791 | 2792 | 2793 | 2794 | 2795 | 2796 | 2797 | 2798 | 2799 | 2800 | 2801 | 2802 | 2803 | 2804 | 2805 | 2806 | 2807 | 2808 | 2809 | 2810 | 2811 | 2812 | 2813 | 2814 | 2815 | 2816 | 2817 | 2818 | 2819 | 2820 | 2821 | 2822 | 2823 | 2824 | 2825 | 2826 | 2827 | 2828 | 2829 | 2830 | 2831 | 2832 | 2833 | 2834 | 2835 | 2836 | 2837 | 2838 | 2839 | 2840 | 2841 | 2842 | 2843 | 2844 | 2845 | 2846 | 2847 | 2848 | 2849 | 2850 | 2851 | 2852 | 2853 | 2854 | 2855 | 2856 | 2857 | 2858 | 2859 | 2860 | 2861 | 2862 | 2863 | 2864 | 2865 | 2866 | 2867 | 2868 | 2869 | 2870 | 2871 | 2872 | 2873 | 2874 | 2875 | 2876 | 2877 | 2878 | 2879 | 2880 | 2881 | 2882 | 2883 | 2884 | 2885 | 2886 | 2887 | 2888 | 2889 | 2890 | 2891 | 2892 | 2893 | 2894 | 2895 | 2896 | 2897 | 2898 | 2899 | 2900 | 2901 | 2902 | 2903 | 2904 | 2905 | 2906 | 2907 | 2908 | 2909 | 2910 | 2911 | 2912 | 2913 | 2914 | 2915 | 2916 | 2917 | 2918 | 2919 | 2920 | 2921 | 2922 | 2923 | 2924 | 2925 | 2926 | 2927 | 2928 | 2929 | 2930 | 2931 | 2932 | 2933 | 2934 | 2935 | 2936 | 2937 | 2938 | 2939 | 2940 | 2941 | 2942 | 2943 | 2944 | 2945 | 2946 | 2947 | 2948 | 2949 | 2950 | 2951 | 2952 | 2953 | 2954 | 2955 | 2956 | 2957 | 2958 | 2959 | 2960 | 2961 | 2962 | 2963 | 2964 | 2965 | 2966 | 2967 | 2968 | 2969 | 2970 | 2971 | 2972 | 2973 | 2974 | 2975 | 2976 | 2977 | 2978 | 2979 | 2980 | 2981 | 2982 | 2983 | 2984 | 2985 | 2986 | 2987 | 2988 | 2989 | 2990 | 2991 | 2992 | 2993 | 2994 | 2995 | 2996 | 2997 | 2998 | 2999 | 3000 | 3001 | 3002 | 3003 | 3004 | 3005 | 3006 | 3007 | 3008 | 3009 | 3010 | 3011 | 3012 | 3013 | 3014 | 3015 | 3016 | 3017 | 3018 | 3019 | 3020 | 3021 |