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Some of them no doubt Post Date: Sun, 10 Aug 2008 3:38:48 +0000 And the strict individualists will allow that the moneys so surrounded and ripened, or if not moneys, the things in kind (as tithe-pigs, and the like) so surrounded, and ripened in kind into public or quasi- public till or barn are taxes. I do not say that strict individual- ists, in so allowing, would quite adopt the foregoing as their own definition of taxation and taxes ; but merely that, in so allowing, they would hesitate to allow that anything further could properly be called taxation or a tax. Some of them no doubt would not allow as much as I have said they would. Autor of the post: Undefined The doctors of the civil Post Date: Sun, 10 Aug 2008 3:24:13 +0000 An individualist who agrees with the supreme court of the United States and many other courts that taxes must be levied for a public purpose, would not concede that levies made and moneys collected in the name of taxation and passing through the public treasury only to be paid out for a purpose, not in the view of such individualist a pub- lic purpose are in fact tax levies and taxes ; he would probably define them in terms of robbery and swag. These illustrations are sufficient to show that the path of the strict constructionist and strict definer is beset with many a practical, and I may add, metaphysical pitfall. The doctors of the civil law had in mind certain of the difficulties attendant on definition when they put forth the maxim, "All definition is dangerous. Autor of the post: Undefined The right to tax Post Date: Sun, 10 Aug 2008 3:07:34 +0000 " Where the real thingness of a thing begins and ends has puzzled, as well as in- spired, many a philosopher often less happy in indicating and overcoming the difficulty than the unpretentious rhymester who warbled : You'll miss a precious sight not to see our Janet's bonnet : Tis not sp much itself as the ribbons that are on it ! The definitions of a tax by different writers are practically as numerous as the writers themselves. Their definitions for the most part, apply to and imply a settled state of things, an ac- knowledged government and its unquestioned right to tax. The right to tax is of course co-extensive with the duty of allegiance, and may be extended to aliens and sojourners who owe no alle- giance; but in practice the right of the state or sovereign to tax is subject to many curious limitations and to a resistance which protests its allegiance while resisting, as in the time preceding the Revolutionary War and the separation of the American Colonies from Great Britain. Autor of the post: Undefined According to Dr Johnson Post Date: Sun, 10 Aug 2008 2:48:13 +0000 The right to tax as co-extensive with the duty of allegiance is interestingly treated by Dr. Johnson, in a tract published in 1775 opposing the declaration of rights ancj claims by the Continental Congress at its session held in Phila- delphia, September 5th to October 26th, 1774. According to Dr Johnson the general right of government to tax is one of those "fundamental principles, or common axioms which being generally received are little doubted, and being lit- tle doubted have been rarely proved. Autor of the post: Undefined 2 "It is difficult Post Date: Sun, 10 Aug 2008 2:30:01 +0000 " And the learned doctor ponderously opines that "of these gratuitous and acknowledged truths it is often the fate to become less evident by endeavors to explain them, however necessary such endeavors may be made by the misapprehensions of absurdity, or the sophistries of in- terest." In support of this contention he makes the points: 1 "It is difficult to prove the principles of science, because notions cannot always be found more intelligible than those which are questioned. 2 "It is difficult to prove the principles of practice, because they have for the most part not been discovered by investigation, but obtruded by experience. Autor of the post: Undefined The very best Post Date: Sun, 10 Aug 2008 2:13:04 +0000 " And he concludes that he who seeks to demonstrate the truth of these "fundamental principles, or common axioms," will find after hard effort (which the doctor describes as "an operose de- duction"), "that he has been trying to make that seen which can be only felt." Taxation no Tyranny; an Answer to the Resolu- tions mid Address of the American Congress (1775). The very best of the old definitions of taxes is infolded in Johnson's dictum that government's general right to tax "was considered by all mankind as comprising the primary and essential condition of all political society, till it became disputed by those zealots of anarchy, who have denied to the parliament of Britain the right of taxing the American Colonies. Autor of the post: Undefined "A tax," he says, "is Post Date: Sun, 10 Aug 2008 1:53:07 +0000 " In his own words infolding said definition, the right which he says was so "con- sidered by all mankind" is thus stated : "The supreme power of every community has the right of requiring from all its subjects, such contributions as are necessary to the public safety or public prosperity.'-' Later, in the same pamphlet, the doctor makes a formal definition of "tax," not quite so good as that infolded in his claim of governments' general right to tax. "A tax," he says, "is a payment exacted by authority from part of the community for the benefit of the whole. Autor of the post: Undefined Johnson, Taxa- tion no Tyranny Post Date: Sun, 10 Aug 2008 1:41:37 +0000 " And to this definition he adds a declaration which is in full technical vigor in the domain of cur- rent jurisprudence, except as modified by custom, concession, 01 constitution : "From whom, -and in what proportion such pay- ment [or tax] shall be required, and to what uses it shall be ap- plied, those only are to judge to whom government is intrusted." Time was in this country when the tract of Dr. Johnson, Taxa- tion no Tyranny, was regarded as the very quintessence of talent ignobly serving official tyranny. Autor of the post: Undefined To return to Dr Post Date: Sun, 10 Aug 2008 1:22:21 +0000 It is very curious that the learned doctor calls "zealots of anarchy" and again "impudent congress of anarchy" that Philadelphia body whose successors in Washing- ton 127 years later, virtuously wrestled with various proposed bills to "stamp out" anarchy, and, the fervor of official mourning for McKinley having passed away, adjourned without passing any anarchist bill at all ! It is perhaps still more curious that any proposition from any group or collection of persons "within the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof" to modify or limit the taxing power of the United States on any such basis as that set forth by the Congress of the United Provinces at Phila- delphia, or on like basis proposed by others of the fathers before and after said session at Philadelphia would in official circles be held to be sufficiently answered and refuted by an argument sub- stantially along Dr. Johnson's lines. To return to Dr. Autor of the post: Undefined In claiming the right Post Date: Sun, 10 Aug 2008 1:09:37 +0000 Johnson's definitions of a tax, or taxes, it might seem at first blush as if they must" be such (enforced)" "contributions as are necessary to the public safety or public pros- perity" ; and that if not so necessary they are taxes only in name, from which conclusion some would draw the further one that when they are taxes only in name the people have the right to op- pose by force their collection. But the doctor means no more than that they ought to be so necessary, but that whether they are or not, "those to whom government is intrusted" de- cide in advance and by so deciding forever settle the question in the affirmative. In claiming the right of the supreme power to "tax all its subjects," and yet defining a tax as "a payment ex- acted by authority from part of the community for the benefit of the whole," the doctor makes a legitimate distinction between the general right to tax (which owns to no exceptions or exemp- tions), and a particular tax as levied, or imposed, which in actual practice is rarely, if ever, universal as to any class of property and certainly never universal as to persons. 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