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It costs a pood deal Post Date: Sun, 10 Aug 2008 15:53:06 +0000 Vast commercial interests controlling proportionate and aggressive capital are thus put upon their ingenuity to open a substitute channel. Naturally they will prefer that such substi- tute channel be technically legal. It costs a pood deal of money to violate with success a formal revenue law of the United States ; but that cost can be nicely ascertained, and where, taking all re- sults into consideration, fraud on the revenue laws is very prof- itable, that kind of fraud will be practiced propositions abun- dantly proved bv experience during: the period of two-dollar tax on whisky. Autor of the post: Undefined Thus David A Post Date: Sun, 10 Aug 2008 15:35:35 +0000 In general, then, reform taxation to be successful must not load with prohibitory tolls any broad channel of trade unless, at the same time, it opens or leaves open a sufficiently capacious other channel whose use shall conduce more to the wel- fare of the people than the one sought to be closed. Moreover, reforms effected or intended by taxation are never accomplished but in the face of an opposition proportionate to the magnitude of the interests adversely affected ; and the commercial opposition is often reinforced by those who have no financial interest. Thus David A. Autor of the post: Undefined While, then reform by means Post Date: Sun, 10 Aug 2008 15:18:11 +0000 Wells, writing more than a dozen years ago, and while attempted prohibitive legislation against oleomargarine had been confined to the state legislatures, said : "The attempt to crush out of use by legislation one of the most brilliant discoveries of the age, namely, the manufacture of butter from the fat of the ox, equally as wholesome as that made from the fat (cream) of the cow, is a libel on civilization ; and, as depriving the masses of a better article of desirable food at cheaper rates, than very many of them have been accustomed to have or can now procure, would be fiercely resented by them, if once properly and popularly under- stood." Recent Economic Changes, 449. While, then reform by means of taxation has an open field oF great importance, the discreet use of it requires the nicest and most delicate quality of practical statesmanship. Autor of the post: Undefined State laws manifestly intended Post Date: Sun, 10 Aug 2008 15:04:22 +0000 Equally pertinent to remember in this connection is the fact that it is only in the guise of a revenue measure that congress can lawfully enact a pure-food law. It is not claimed by any school or individual, amonr interpreters of the federal Constitution, thnt the -government at Washington has any right whatever to regulate *In saying above that "attempted prohibitory legislation against oleo- margarine had been confined to the states," I perhaps overstated the case. State laws manifestly intended to be prohibitory had been passed, as the New Hampshire statute prohibiting the sale of oleomargarine unless col- ored pink ; but congress, too, had acted, and imposed a tax which some claimed would prove prohibitory, that is to say, a tax of two cents per pound, and a license tax in varying amounts on manufacturer, whole- saler and retailer. Autor of the post: Undefined The tax was mani- festly Post Date: Sun, 10 Aug 2008 14:48:13 +0000 The act imposing such tax was passed in August, 1886. There was no claim and no reason to claim that the United States needed to cast about for new sources of revenue. The tax was mani- festly a tax on food ; and was undeniably passed for the sole reason that dairy and farming interests called for something of the kind. Autor of the post: Undefined Noticing in his message Post Date: Sun, 10 Aug 2008 14:35:02 +0000 Grover Cleveland, then president, signed the 'bill. Having put himself forward as an anti-protection doctrinaire, as an individualist so far as one may be in American nolitics, he had in acting on this bill a good opportunity to show his consistency, and he knew it sufficiently well to think it worth while to deny that he had. Noticing in his message of signa- ture that it had been urged against the measure that under guise of revenue legislation its real purpose was "to destroy, by the use of the taxing power, one industry of our people for the protection and benefit of another," he made a pretense of consistency by professing to believe directly the manufacture or sale of any commercial article in any one of the several states ; and that the constitutional power to tax would be used by congress to do indirectly along these lines what it may not do directly seems not to have entered the imagination of the Fathers. Autor of the post: Undefined What is the check Post Date: Sun, 10 Aug 2008 14:23:38 +0000 True, the right to regulate commerce between the states has in its extension and exercise become of immense impor- tance ; but that has nothing to do with the manufacture of an article, nothing to do with its quality, and nothing to do with its sale except to guard against its exclusion from markets in states where it is not manufactured. Power to tax, however, practi- cally includes all other powers over the subjects of taxation ; and wherever the payment of a tax can be made a condition precedent to the sale of any article, then the taxing power may, within the limits of feasibility and of its own territory, drive such article from the markets. What is the check on destructive taxation, imposed for reform or otherwise ? In the United States there is the check of positive, or written law as set forth in the federal Constitution and in the constitutions of most of the states. Autor of the post: Undefined On final analysis, it Post Date: Sun, 10 Aug 2008 14:08:40 +0000 But the people, or that por- tion of the people which governs, can abolish or change the fed- eral, or any, constitution. Besides, as shown later in this book, the present limitations on the taxing power of the federal govern- ment imposed by the federal Constitution are not limitations of quantity. On final analysis, it is apparent that the only check on the power of nation or state to take property within its limits, in the name of taxation or otherwise, to any amount, is the na- tional or state conscience; perhaps we should say, in the United States, national and state conscience. Autor of the post: Undefined Effective coincides with num erical Post Date: Sun, 10 Aug 2008 13:53:30 +0000 And the collective con- science of the effective majority in nation or state gives the meas- ure of the national or state conscience. The distinction made by some writers between effective majority and numerical, or nomi- nal, majority is a very happy one. Effective coincides with num erical majority only when what is enacted by legislatures, done that it was in fact meant for a revenue law, and put himself on the plane of practical politics in these words: "If entitled to indulge in such a suspicion as a basis of official action in this case, and if entirely satisfied that the consequences indicated would ensue, I should doubt- less feel constrained to interpose executive dissent. Autor of the post: Undefined ; 25,000 pounds in 1888 Post Date: Sun, 10 Aug 2008 13:33:46 +0000 " The tax of two cents per pound so imposed, and meant to protect butter, was not, in fact, heavy enough to effect the desired end. The amount of oleomargarine manufactured and sold in the United States has continually increased, "from 34.; 25,000 pounds in 1888 to 48. 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