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Revenue was the first Post Date: Sun, 10 Aug 2008 20:46:18 +0000 Where wealth, or it would perhaps be more appropri- ate to say, where poverty is so evenly distributed that neither tax-dodger nor clamor of "privilege" is much in evidence, taxes are in fact so nearly "equal and uniform" that the well-meaning framers of constitutions which decree such equality and uniform- ity need not go further in search of their ideal realized. The taxes imposed by the first congress of the United States, in 1789', under the then newly ratified Constitution, were, in practical effect, and some have thought in intent, purely taxes for revenue. Revenue was the first and most crying of needs, and such a thing as a surplus to squander, or even to spend legitimately, was farthest from the mind of a congress which fixed the salary of its own members at the modest figure of six dollars per day during session, and allowance of one day for each 20 miles of travel. Autor of the post: Undefined " It is curious Post Date: Sun, 10 Aug 2008 20:35:35 +0000 But congress imposed no taxes except by way of duties on imports, which, as calculated by Worthington C. Ford, ^were on an average "equivalent to an ad valorem rate of 8^/2 per cent." It is curious that this first tariff of the United States, which was not in fact a protective tariff, purported to be one, its pre- amble running : "Whereas, it is necessary for the support of the government, for the discharge of the debts of the United States, and the encouragement and protection of manufactures, that duties be laid," etc. Autor of the post: Undefined " But protec- tion had its Post Date: Sun, 10 Aug 2008 20:24:27 +0000 "In the whole history of tariff legislation in this country it is the only law which was thus openly passed for protection to American industry." Ford, in Cyclopedia of Po- litical Science, title "Tariffs of the United States." But protec- tion had its advocates in the first congress. Autor of the post: Undefined Hartley's colleague, George Clymer, "was Post Date: Sun, 10 Aug 2008 20:04:46 +0000 Thomas Hartley, a member from Pennsylvania, contrived to say something that sounds as little outworn as if uttered yesterday: "I think it both politic and just that the fostering hand of the General Gov- ernment should extend to all those manufactures which will tend to national utility." Bentoris Abridgement of the Debates of Congress, I, 25. Hartley's colleague, George Clymer, "was satis- fied that a political necessity existed," both for "encouraging manufacturers and obtaining revenue" by duties. Autor of the post: Undefined Jourdain, of iVloliere's humor, knew Post Date: Sun, 10 Aug 2008 19:49:24 +0000 Id 27. And as, moreover, there was no lack of sentiment to the effect that the volume of those duties would be of tremendous magnitude, Bland, of Virginia, thinking there was not money enough in the country to pay the proposed duties (Id 61), and finding echo for his opinion in the well-known Elbriclge Gerry, of Massachu- setts (Id 64), it would seem that the first congress, in enacting a tariff "for revenue only," did not know it any more than the excellent M. Jourdain, of iVloliere's humor, knew that he spoke prose. Autor of the post: Undefined The small duty on sugar Post Date: Sun, 10 Aug 2008 19:31:58 +0000 Local taxation, as practiced in the minor subdivisions of the American states, is generally free from all intent to rob, and so furnishes many instances ot taxation for revenue in its purest form, as well as in its purest intent. It must not be forgotten, however, that there are individualists, who, believing it to be the whole right, duty and function of government to furnish judge and policeman, see thinly disguised robbery in all school taxes, park taxes and the like, just as the same or other individualists see thinly disguised tyranny in compulsory vaccination, in quar- antine laws, and in many other measures enforced by govern- ment. The small duty on sugar lately levied by the British gov- ernment, as one of the revenue necessities growing out of the Boer war, is in purpose and effect a tax for revenue only ; but, like all taxes on consumption, from its very nature it is levied on consumers without regard to their relative ability to pay, and so is shut out from the equitable aim of levying taxes in proportion to each tax-payer's purse. Autor of the post: Undefined In 1790, before the United Post Date: Sun, 10 Aug 2008 19:19:47 +0000 Historically speaking, taxation for reform comes late in what- ever civilization it manifests itself, after allegiance to govern- ment and to the permanence of taxation of some sort have become unquestioned necessities in the- average consciousness of civilized man ; perhaps not until after some of his poets have sung like Goethe : Law's rights and wrongs outlast the dead and gone Eternal sickness handed down and on. Instances of taxation for reform pure and simple, that is to say, divorced from expectation of revenue, are not very numerous ; but taxes for more money and collaterally for morality, or other aim of reform, are not uncommon. In 1790, before the United States had any excise or internal revenue tax. Autor of the post: Undefined Should the increase of duties Post Date: Sun, 10 Aug 2008 19:05:09 +0000 Alexander Hamilton then secretary of the treas- ury, ur^ed "additions" to duties on imported wines nnd spirits and the laying of a tax on spirits "distilled within the United States." "The consumption of ardent spirits," he siid in his re- port to the House of Representatives, "no doubt very much on account of their cheapness, is carried to an extreme which is truly to be regretted, as well in regard to the health and morals as to the economy of the community. Should the increase of duties tend to a decrease of the consumption of those articles, the effect . Autor of the post: Undefined " Works, Lodge's ed Post Date: Sun, 10 Aug 2008 18:55:00 +0000 would be in every respect desirable. It is not, however, probable that this decrease would be in a decree vliHi would frustrate the expected benefit to the revenue from raisin " the duties." Works, Lodge's ed. Autor of the post: Undefined lio-hter tax will let it Post Date: Sun, 10 Aug 2008 18:37:01 +0000 (New York, 1886), TI, p 91. Most governments are too hard pressed for morev to tax of set purpose anythin^ out of existence, unless with the expec- tation of substitutinT for it somethine else which they prefer. lio-hter tax will let it live and yield revenue, they will not ordinarily carry the weight of the tax to the crushing and de- stroying point. 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| 2442 | 2443 | 2444 | 2445 | 2446 | 2447 | 2448 | 2449 | 2450 | 2451 | 2452 | 2453 | 2454 | 2455 | 2456 | 2457 | 2458 | 2459 | 2460 | 2461 | 2462 | 2463 | 2464 | 2465 | 2466 | 2467 | 2468 | 2469 | 2470 | 2471 | 2472 | 2473 | 2474 | 2475 | 2476 | 2477 | 2478 | 2479 | 2480 | 2481 | 2482 | 2483 | 2484 | 2485 | 2486 | 2487 | 2488 | 2489 | 2490 | 2491 | 2492 | 2493 | 2494 | 2495 | 2496 | 2497 | 2498 | 2499 | 2500 | 2501 | 2502 | 2503 | 2504 | 2505 | 2506 | 2507 | 2508 | 2509 | 2510 | 2511 | 2512 | 2513 | 2514 | 2515 | 2516 | 2517 | 2518 | 2519 | 2520 | 2521 | 2522 | 2523 | 2524 | 2525 | 2526 | 2527 | 2528 | 2529 | 2530 | 2531 | 2532 | 2533 | 2534 | 2535 | 2536 | 2537 | 2538 | 2539 | 2540 | 2541 | 2542 | 2543 | 2544 | 2545 | 2546 | 2547 | 2548 | 2549 | 2550 | 2551 | 2552 | 2553 | 2554 | 2555 | 2556 | 2557 | 2558 | 2559 | 2560 | 2561 | 2562 | 2563 | 2564 | 2565 | 2566 | 2567 | 2568 | 2569 | 2570 | 2571 | 2572 | 2573 | 2574 | 2575 | 2576 | 2577 | 2578 | 2579 | 2580 | 2581 | 2582 | 2583 | 2584 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| 2728 | 2729 | 2730 | 2731 | 2732 | 2733 | 2734 | 2735 | 2736 | 2737 | 2738 | 2739 | 2740 | 2741 | 2742 | 2743 | 2744 | 2745 | 2746 | 2747 | 2748 | 2749 | 2750 | 2751 | 2752 | 2753 | 2754 | 2755 | 2756 | 2757 | 2758 | 2759 | 2760 | 2761 | 2762 | 2763 | 2764 | 2765 | 2766 | 2767 | 2768 | 2769 | 2770 | 2771 | 2772 | 2773 | 2774 | 2775 | 2776 | 2777 | 2778 | 2779 | 2780 | 2781 | 2782 | 2783 | 2784 | 2785 | 2786 | 2787 | 2788 | 2789 | 2790 | 2791 | 2792 | 2793 | 2794 | 2795 | 2796 | 2797 | 2798 | 2799 | 2800 | 2801 | 2802 | 2803 | 2804 | 2805 | 2806 | 2807 | 2808 | 2809 | 2810 | 2811 | 2812 | 2813 | 2814 | 2815 | 2816 | 2817 | 2818 | 2819 | 2820 | 2821 | 2822 | 2823 | 2824 | 2825 | 2826 | 2827 | 2828 | 2829 | 2830 | 2831 | 2832 | 2833 | 2834 | 2835 | 2836 | 2837 | 2838 | 2839 | 2840 | 2841 | 2842 | 2843 | 2844 | 2845 | 2846 | 2847 | 2848 | 2849 | 2850 | 2851 | 2852 | 2853 | 2854 | 2855 | 2856 | 2857 | 2858 | 2859 | 2860 | 2861 | 2862 | 2863 | 2864 | 2865 | 2866 | 2867 | 2868 | 2869 | 2870 | 2871 | 2872 | 2873 | 2874 | 2875 | 2876 | 2877 | 2878 | 2879 | 2880 | 2881 | 2882 | 2883 | 2884 | 2885 | 2886 | 2887 | 2888 | 2889 | 2890 | 2891 | 2892 | 2893 | 2894 | 2895 | 2896 | 2897 | 2898 | 2899 | 2900 | 2901 | 2902 | 2903 | 2904 | 2905 | 2906 | 2907 | 2908 | 2909 | 2910 | 2911 | 2912 | 2913 | 2914 | 2915 | 2916 | 2917 | 2918 | 2919 | 2920 | 2921 | 2922 | 2923 | 2924 | 2925 | 2926 | 2927 | 2928 | 2929 | 2930 | 2931 | 2932 | 2933 | 2934 | 2935 | 2936 | 2937 | 2938 | 2939 | 2940 | 2941 | 2942 | 2943 | 2944 | 2945 | 2946 | 2947 | 2948 | 2949 | 2950 | 2951 | 2952 | 2953 | 2954 | 2955 | 2956 | 2957 | 2958 | 2959 | 2960 | 2961 | 2962 | 2963 | 2964 | 2965 | 2966 | 2967 | 2968 | 2969 | 2970 | 2971 | 2972 | 2973 | 2974 | 2975 | 2976 | 2977 | 2978 | 2979 | 2980 | 2981 | 2982 | 2983 | 2984 | 2985 | 2986 | 2987 | 2988 | 2989 | 2990 | 2991 | 2992 | 2993 | 2994 | 2995 | 2996 | 2997 | 2998 | 2999 | 3000 | 3001 | 3002 | 3003 | 3004 | 3005 | 3006 | 3007 | 3008 | 3009 | 3010 | 3011 | 3012 | 3013 | 3014 | 3015 | 3016 | 3017 | 3018 | 3019 | 3020 | 3021 |