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An c Post Date: Mon, 11 Aug 2008 4:09:23 +0000 By far the greater number, however, involve points that go only to minor infringement or alleged infringement of individual right, and go neither to the validity or invalidity of a whole tax levy. I have freely cited and discussed some of the more important cases those that buoy, or it may be, block the way to ultimate Civil Code. An c . Autor of the post: Undefined It will be seen Post Date: Mon, 11 Aug 2008 3:55:25 +0000 therwise good taxer is as naught unless he is himself, or is piloted by, a competent jurist. I have therefore endeavored to give in luminous outline the federal constitutional landmarks which should be present to the mind of every legislator or other person who studies state taxation; and I have been careful to point out the wide vistas in possible taxation, which the courts have not, as yet, attempted to close against the people. It will be seen that I have not abused my familiarity with jurisprudence, to overload the book with technical law. Autor of the post: Undefined My work in the making Post Date: Mon, 11 Aug 2008 3:42:39 +0000 The meaning of such novelties as the New Jurisprudence and the Civil Nation is sufficiently apparent from the context of the passages where they occur. For the rest, these matters will be more fully elucidated in my forthcoming work on the Constitution of the United States, to which this book may serve, in some measure, as an introduction. My work in the making of this book has been considerably increased from the fact that I have had to be not only the final, but to some extent the intermediate, proof-reader. Autor of the post: Undefined Accordingly, to save labor, I Post Date: Mon, 11 Aug 2008 3:32:08 +0000 The linotype machine has its advantages ; but they conduce neither to the proof-reader's satisfaction, nor to the high- est finish of the printed page. The resetting of a line to change a point or a capital, or a "wrong font" letter, not infrequently gives rise to a worse flaw in the reset line. Accordingly, to save labor, I have occasionally passed lines not quite conforming to my standard in the respects men- tioned, but reproducing "copy" with substantial accuracy and without am- biguity. Autor of the post: Undefined This formula measures exhaustively all Post Date: Mon, 11 Aug 2008 3:12:34 +0000 Such slight seeming of caprice as is herein apparent, as well as in the omission of accent marks from foreign words, may be considered the caprice of convenience, but not of carelessness.I compress taxation into the alliterative formula, taxa- tion for robbery, taxation for revenue, taxation for reform. This formula measures exhaustively all kinds of taxation from the standpoint of their results, and nearly so from the standpoint of conscious purpose in the power that levies taxes. Autor of the post: Undefined So also in levying tributes Post Date: Mon, 11 Aug 2008 2:56:48 +0000 A tribute imposed by strength upon weakness in return for the privilege conceded that the tribe or other social aggregate pay- ing such tribute, shall not otherwise be mulcted in person or prop- erty by the tribe or people receiving it, differs in no essential re- spect from the more or less accidental tribute levied by robber on passing wayfarer; in both cases, immunity as to person and other property for the time being is the only return which the receivers of the tribute make for it. In both cases, too, the result is the finish of a robbery ; only in the case of the stronger tribe or people exacting tribute from weaker tribe or people, the former would hardly have a conscious purpose to rob; they would at least de- scribe their purpose as different from that in the mind of any one who should set out to plunder in his individual capacity another individual entitled to the rights and immunities of the plunderer's own tribe or people; and they would not call their tribal or ag- gregate purpose by any name of reproach. So also in levying tributes which are more properly dignified with the name of taxes, than the simpler tributes just mentioned, those who levy have seldom indeed the distinct consciousness of purpose to rob, and seldomer still the cynical frankness that would be equal to ad- mitting such purpose, though their particular brand of taxation might in practical effect be well likened to downright robberv. Autor of the post: Undefined There are differences in individual Post Date: Mon, 11 Aug 2008 2:46:32 +0000 Taxation, in anything like the sense now attached to the word, begins only where robbery pure and simple ends, and where trib- ute makes a first step toward taxation, that is, where there is at least some promise of return for the tribute levied, other than of mere immunity from the attack of him who exacts. This prom- ise may be in the nature of an agreement to protect generally ; or the tribute and the return therefor may be in a form (if we go back to rude and remote beginning of civil polity), that we catch so imperfectly as to get no basis for clear understanding or prof- itable comparison. There are differences in individual man, and in his social-unit groups, too wide, in measure of time, stage and race, to be of much comparative value to any one unless to him who values for its own sake a conjecture plausibly made, a story well told, or a contrast strikingly set forth. Autor of the post: Undefined "Thus one and the same Post Date: Mon, 11 Aug 2008 2:29:14 +0000 My formula, then, is not meant to lead anyone into a specious absolutism, or meant to foreclose anyone of the historical and evolutionary domain that may seem to him to invite scrutiny of its older highways and byways leading to and from taxation.! For us at least, "all beginning is in the middle" ; what we shall tax and how we shall tax, depends more on a sheer one way or the other with exact reference to the current in which we move, than on any attempted navigation with raft or life boat purposely fash- Wagner, without having in mind any thought resembling the prop- osition put forth in the text, enumerates elaborately three distinct kinds of difficulties that stand in the way of comparing the tax systems of dif- ferent places and countries, even for historical times in ample reach, even for the present time with text and official directory as to the dif- ferent laws on one's desk, difficulties that face him, German professor, as he acknowledges, even in confining himself to his native tongue and solving the contradictions and variations between its bureaucratic jargon (amtliche 1 Te^minologie) and its use in the moujhs of the people, in comparing tax measures and tax results for different German places and periods. "Thus one and the same name of a particular tax does not mean in the same language, German, for instance, always the same thing in the different countries where such language is in use ; it may even change its meaning in the same country, subject to the same tax legis- lation, for example, the expression "income tax" in Prussia, Bavaria, Austria. Autor of the post: Undefined ) Finanzivissenschaft, Erganzungsheft, 3-7 Post Date: Mon, 11 Aug 2008 2:12:29 +0000 And he gives literally a bead-roll of other German names for different taxes subject to the contingency of meaning one thing here and something less or something more there. He urges special caution "in the judging, in praise and blame, in the recommendation of foreign ex- emplars, and particularly in setting up a sweeping judgment on historical developments" (namentlich aber auch im Gesammturtheil iiber geschicht- liche Entwicklungen.) Finanzivissenschaft, Erganzungsheft, 3-7. Autor of the post: Undefined The professorial inclination to absolutism Post Date: Mon, 11 Aug 2008 2:00:24 +0000 *Prof. Seligman constructs for the development of taxation a "hi- torical process" scale consisting of seven steps or stages, which he illustrates and tactily assumes to prove sufficiently, by instancing seven corresponding etymological stages, or groups of tax names expressing each the notion which mediaeval and modern Europe affixed and affixes to each tax stage in due succession. The professorial inclination to absolutism seems to have hindered Seligman from divorcing the particular development which he finds in the narrow area of Europe and in the short stretch of mediaeval and modern time, from the possible and actual developments of taxation in other countries and other times. 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