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They save their forces for Post Date: Mon, 11 Aug 2008 6:36:27 +0000 Even where the United States has conceded that the American Indians had a good title to their lands, it has insisted that it alone had the right to acquire such title from the Indians, and by virtue of its sovereign claim has ousted individuals of title acquired by them from the Indian owners in good faith. The foregoing, or primary, classification of public revenues is not that on which writers have spent doughty effort and full measure of con- troversial zeal. They save their forces for the tug of war that comes in the wrangle over classification of the revenues which government forcibly takes from the natural and artificial persons within its jurisdiction, in this disputatious domain of tax classification, "all possible combinations," as Seligman says, "have been made, especially by recent German writ- ers. Autor of the post: Undefined But I will not Post Date: Mon, 11 Aug 2008 6:22:57 +0000 " Essays in Taxation, 267. Fees, for instance, to which Seligman devotes a few lucid pages, and which are the name given to those sums charged or assessed by government for a special service or a special priv- ilege occupy a hundred and sixty-six very sizable and very crowded pages in Adolph Wagner's Fww,Hzwusenschaft, and are treated by some other German writers with a copiousness of detail which I shall neither particularize nor imitate. But I will not with quite the Spartan brevity of Seligman pass over government's right to take the property of individ- uals by exercising the power of eminent domain and the penal power. Autor of the post: Undefined " So saying, (pp Post Date: Mon, 11 Aug 2008 6:05:04 +0000 "The power of eminent domain confers on the government the right of taking at its discretion, and to an indefinite extent, private property. With the constitutional and moral limitations upon this power we have not here to deal, chiefly because the power is for the most part not a source of net revenue." So saying, (pp. Autor of the post: Undefined Its first need will Post Date: Mon, 11 Aug 2008 5:51:40 +0000 267-8), Seligman dismisses emi- nent domain with the further remark that taking under this power is limited to taking for public use and with "just compensation," without contemplation of net income from the property to be so acquired, but with some prospect of such income in view of property conceivably worth more than damages awarded for the taking. The New Jurispru- dence will be much exercised over, and will much exercise this power. Its first need will be to fix a constitutional limit to the "just compensa- tion" to be awarded individual owners. Autor of the post: Undefined wanted to widen and otherwise Post Date: Mon, 11 Aug 2008 5:39:30 +0000 Everybody knows that the greedy Me, lying more or less dormant in the individual, becomes clamor- ously wide awake the moment it is known that a piece of his property is wanted under the power of eminent domain. The dead set made by Parisian owners and occupants against the public purse when the regime of Napoleon 111. wanted to widen and otherwise change the streets of Paris affords a typical case. Autor of the post: Undefined I mention it here merely Post Date: Mon, 11 Aug 2008 5:28:18 +0000 Where the law provides that property shall be appraised for taxation at its "full and true value," the hog in the Philistine owner would be almost estopped from squealing against a con- stitutional provision which should fix as the maximum of damages be- tween him and the state a sum, say twice the average assessed value of the property during the five years preceding 1903.- To fix such a rule with proper local exceptions and equitable qualifications is a difficult but by no means an unsolvable problem. I mention it here merely as showing the wide vistas which the bare mention of the subject opens up for an expert. Autor of the post: Undefined Whatever may be the inner Post Date: Mon, 11 Aug 2008 5:13:00 +0000 So also the penal power, or "the power to adjudge fines and penalties," is treated by Seligman with like brevity, a reference to "the vague pro- vision" in the Constitution against excessive fines, and the remark, fol- lowing his definition of the power, that it "belongs rather to penology and administration than to the science of finance; for that the private property is here taken, not in accordance with the needs of the state or with any principles of equality or uniformity or benefits or compensa- tion, but solely as a punishment inflicted on the individual." But it must be remembered that forfeitures of charters and franchises is a branch of the penal power ; that large corporations habitually and even wantonly violate the express or implied terms on which they enjoy their charters and franchises; that if, for concrete instance, the proceedings now pend- ing in various courts against the Northern Securities Company should prove to be in result, as is sometimes predicted, little more than horse- play, or even if they should be technically effective, the states whose laws the offending corporations have violated, may still take a short, an effective and even a retrospective cut to forfeit the respective fran- chises ; and fix at the same time the measure of compensation to them for what will be technically "scrap," the only property, besides realty and rolling stock, that they will have remaining. Whatever may be the inner disposition of the federal judiciary, I conceive, that it will find itself estopped from interfering with or impairing the right procedure of the states in this behalf. Autor of the post: Undefined Sub- ject to the foregoing Post Date: Mon, 11 Aug 2008 4:56:19 +0000 The taxing power proper, often confounded in part with the so-called "police power," of which more in due order, is in modern states even more important than either the power of eminent domain or the penal power, as furnishing the indispensable basis for their exercise. The three together become irresistible in the hands of the right statesman- ship as means for carrying into effect its plan of individual rights. Sub- ject to the foregoing qualification and reminders, Seligman, summing up (p. Autor of the post: Undefined Special assessments, "a comparatively modern Post Date: Mon, 11 Aug 2008 4:43:38 +0000 302), is to be commended for helpful brevity: "We find that under actual conditions all public revenues are either gratuitous, contractual or compulsory contributions; that the compulsory contribu- tions are levied in virtue of the power of eminent domain, of the penal power (either as a separate power or as the fiscally important part of the police power), or of the taxing power; and, finally, that the taxing power manifests itself in the three forms of fees, special assessments and taxes."' ibid. Special assessments, "a comparatively modern and a specifically American development," have written a very large and in places a very confused chapter in American law. Autor of the post: Undefined Some of these declare principles Post Date: Mon, 11 Aug 2008 4:27:11 +0000 All taxation is intimately related to law, but this is not a law book, any more than it is a history. In American jurisprudence there is an immense number of adjudicated cases upon tax questions. Some of these declare principles, correct or otherwise, but citable and applicable to taxation in general, or to taxation in its relation to our dual government of nation and state. 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